BIOD 331 Module 1 Exam 2026/27
LATEST UPDATES
pathophysiology - Correct Answer: not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but
also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example - Correct Answer: Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces
(trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional
excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors - Correct Answer: Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions
(present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology - Correct Answer: the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology - Correct Answer: the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom - Correct Answer: a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness
sign - Correct Answer: an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis - Correct Answer: The diagnostic process requires a
careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity - Correct Answer: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability - Correct Answer: how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity - Correct Answer: the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
, specificity - Correct Answer: people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology - Correct Answer: the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age,
race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence - Correct Answer: the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
prevalence - Correct Answer: the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
morbidity - Correct Answer: the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality - Correct Answer: statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention - Correct Answer: to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking
folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable
disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
secondary prevention - Correct Answer: aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease
is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking
cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening
tertiary prevention - Correct Answer: occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention
is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a heart
attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
evidence-based practice - Correct Answer: the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the way things
have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
the 3 primary structures of the cell - Correct Answer: the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma
membrane.
LATEST UPDATES
pathophysiology - Correct Answer: not only the cellular and organ changes that occur with disease, but
also the effects that these changes have on total body function.
5 etiologic factors and example - Correct Answer: Biologic agents (bacteria, viruses), physical forces
(trauma, burns, radiation), chemical agents (poisons, alcohol), one's genetic inheritance, and nutritional
excesses or deficiencies.
two types of risk factors - Correct Answer: Risk factors can be categorized as congenital conditions
(present at birth) or acquired defects (occurring after birth).
morphology - Correct Answer: the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues
histology - Correct Answer: the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
symptom - Correct Answer: a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or dizziness
sign - Correct Answer: an objective manifestation, for example an elevated temperature, a swollen
extremity, or changes in pupil size.
3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis - Correct Answer: The diagnostic process requires a
careful history, physical examination (PE), and sometimes diagnostic tests
validity - Correct Answer: how a tool measures what it is intended to measure
reliability - Correct Answer: how likely the same result will occur if repeated.
sensitivity - Correct Answer: the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease.
, specificity - Correct Answer: people without the disease who are negative on a given test.
epidemiology - Correct Answer: the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks age,
race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
incidence - Correct Answer: the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified time
prevalence - Correct Answer: the number of people with the disease in a population in a given time
morbidity - Correct Answer: the effect of an illness on one's life
mortality - Correct Answer: statistics that deal with the cause of death in a population
primary prevention - Correct Answer: to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring- taking
folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating children to prevent communicable
disease, eating healthy and exercising to prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets.
secondary prevention - Correct Answer: aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease
is asymptomatic and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging smoking
cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy screening
tertiary prevention - Correct Answer: occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention
is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain medications one must take after a heart
attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death.
evidence-based practice - Correct Answer: the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best
evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to counteract "the way things
have always been done," and to practice based on clinical research.
the 3 primary structures of the cell - Correct Answer: the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma
membrane.
