ABO ADVANCED EXAM | COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
• Which of the following is not significant in identifying the problem of vertical
imbalance? -✓✓ Patient's age
• Which of the following elements is NOT critical when determining vertical imbalance? -
✓✓ Lens power in the 180 degree meridian
• A prism will displace the object being viewed towards its ________. -✓✓ Apex
• A prism will bend light towards its _______. -✓✓ Base
• When dealing with problems of vertical imbalance which is the critical meridian of total
lens? -✓✓ 90
• Which of the following prescriptions would pose the greatest prismatic imbalance at a
reading depth of 10mm? -✓✓ OD +2.50
OS -0.25 +2.50 x 090
• A plus lens moved downward from the primary position will result in: -✓✓ Base down
prismatic effect
• What is a hereditary pigmentary degeneration of the retina called which results in
gradual loss of peripheral vision? -✓✓ Retinitis pigmentosa
• What is ocular hypertension? -✓✓ Elevation of pressure in the eye above the range
considered with an detectable changes in vision or damage to the structure of the eye.
or
Eye pressure can be elevated and cause damage in some eyes, but no damage in
others.
• Which of the following statements is false regarding corneal ulcers? Corneal ulcers
can be ________. -✓✓ of little concern
• Approximately what percentage of humans have some alterations in lens transparency
after age 65? -✓✓ 60%
• What type of cataract is a fully developed opacity of the lens with fluid generation and
swelling of the lens volume? -✓✓ Hypermature
,• Which of the following statements is false regarding cataracts? -✓✓ Cataracts will only
form in the nucleus of the lens.
• ________ is the condition in which both eyes have equal refractive power. -✓✓
Insometropia
• Irregular astigmatism occurs when the principal meridians are not uniform along a
major meridian and not uniform along a meridian. They are found at some place other
than 90 degree apart. Irregular astigmatism is commonly caused by trauma surgery, or
corneal dystrophy. TRUE or FALSE -✓✓ True
• In poor light, a person sees red light better than blue, which is why the ocular system
tends to be more myopic, i.e. twilight myopia.
TRUE or FALSE -✓✓ True
• _______ are _____ cells that detect motion within a field. -✓✓ Rods-Long
• The crystalline lens is the same size at birth as in an adult, however, it adds cell layers
throughout life, packing them in which makes the crystalline lens harder and is one of
the causes of presbyopia. TRUE or FALSE -✓✓ False
• The triangular structure between the choroid and root of the iris, containing the ciliary
epithelium, stroma, and ciliary muscle is the: -✓✓ Ciliary body
• There are 5 layers of the cornea. They are: -✓✓ From most anterior to posterior.
Epithelium-Bowman's Layer- Stroma- Descemet membrane- Endothelium
• The refractive index of the cornea is: -✓✓ 1.376
• The most powerful refracting medium of the eyes optical system is the cornea. There
are five layers of the cornea, each having a unique purpose and cell structure. One of
the requirements of clear vision is that the cornea ________. -✓✓ must remain
transparent and must have regular cell structures of all layers.
• Polarized filters are made by stretching thin sheets of __________ in one meridian. -
✓✓ Polyvinyl alcohol
• Visible glare can be dangerous because it can not only wash out colors, but in some
instances, can cause _________. -✓✓ Photokeratitis
• Features and benefits of Trivex include __________. -✓✓ Superior optics
Impact Resistant
Ultra-lightweight
,• What is the index of refraction of Trivex? -✓✓ 1.53
• What is the index refraction of polycarbonate? -✓✓ 1.59
• What company introduced CR-39 lenses? -✓✓ PPG industries
• __________ are generally inorganic materials (metals or minerals) that are vacuum
deposited to add color on glass lenses to give a uniform density of color on the lenses. -
✓✓ Vacuum color coating
• Glare is of more concern to which wearer? -✓✓ Cataract patients
• _______ is better than ______ for improving contrast? -✓✓ Green-Gray
• _______ added to any color increases contrast. -✓✓ Yellow
• Although this may be the most popular color for sun lenses, it is not recommended for
patients with emerging cataracts. -✓✓ Gray
• Given a high plus or high minus RX, which lens material would offer the best choice for
uniform density in sun lenses? -✓✓ CR-39 & Trivex
• A Characteristic of a dark tinted glass lens with an RX of +4.00 SPH would be
_________. -✓✓ Darker in the center and lighter on the edge
• If a person has exposure to sunlight at least 2 hours or more during the day,
__________. -✓✓ their ability to adapt to night vision is compromised if they don't
protect their eyes from the sun exposure.
• Standard transmission is sun lenses should range between _________. -✓✓ 15% to
30%
• The denser the tint in a lens, __________ -✓✓ the less transmission of light through
the lens.
• The absorption of light in lenses is classified by two variables. What are they? -✓✓ Tint
& lens transmission
• Aphakia -✓✓ An absence of the crystalline lens of the eye (pseudophakia: having a
false lens)
• Apex -✓✓ Thinnest edge of a prism.
, • Anterior -✓✓ front cavity or compartment of the eye, located between the cornea and
CHAMBER: crystalline lens contains the aqueous humor.
• Anisometropia -✓✓ Condition in which the refractive error of one eye significantly
differs from that of the other.
OD -1.00 OS -2.25 or OD +1.00 OS +2.25
• Aniseikonia -✓✓ A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one
eye differs so much in size or shape from that seen by the other eye that the two
images cannot be fused into a single impression. Unequal size of retinal images.
• Ametropia -✓✓ A refractive error in which the eye, when in a state of rest, does not
focus the image of an object upon the retina; includes "hyperopia, myopia, &
astigmatism.
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina
• Ambylopia -✓✓ Loss of vision without any apparent disease of the eye.
Lazy eye causing other eye to lose some portions of visions.
• Addition -✓✓ Difference in plus power between the reading & distance portions of a
multifocal lens.
• Acuity -✓✓ Visual expression of sharpness of vision (20/20 distance j.l near)
• Achromatic -✓✓ Descriptive of a lens capable of refracting light without creating a
rainbow effect.
without color
• Currently, the two materials capable of passing the ANSI Z-87 High Impact Test are
polycarbonate and _____. -✓✓ Trivex
• The FDA requires that impact resistance records are kept for ________. -✓✓ 3 years
• A lensometer target indicates a lens has 2D of base up with a 5.00 prism D auxiliary
prism positioned base down. The total base up prism in the lens is __________ prism
diopters -✓✓ 7 Prism Diopters
• The first step in verifying a prescription with a manual lensometer is to ___________. -
✓✓ Focus the eye piece
• A _________ is used to measure vertex distance. -✓✓ Disometer
AND DETAILED SOLUTIONS | 2026 UPDATE
• Which of the following is not significant in identifying the problem of vertical
imbalance? -✓✓ Patient's age
• Which of the following elements is NOT critical when determining vertical imbalance? -
✓✓ Lens power in the 180 degree meridian
• A prism will displace the object being viewed towards its ________. -✓✓ Apex
• A prism will bend light towards its _______. -✓✓ Base
• When dealing with problems of vertical imbalance which is the critical meridian of total
lens? -✓✓ 90
• Which of the following prescriptions would pose the greatest prismatic imbalance at a
reading depth of 10mm? -✓✓ OD +2.50
OS -0.25 +2.50 x 090
• A plus lens moved downward from the primary position will result in: -✓✓ Base down
prismatic effect
• What is a hereditary pigmentary degeneration of the retina called which results in
gradual loss of peripheral vision? -✓✓ Retinitis pigmentosa
• What is ocular hypertension? -✓✓ Elevation of pressure in the eye above the range
considered with an detectable changes in vision or damage to the structure of the eye.
or
Eye pressure can be elevated and cause damage in some eyes, but no damage in
others.
• Which of the following statements is false regarding corneal ulcers? Corneal ulcers
can be ________. -✓✓ of little concern
• Approximately what percentage of humans have some alterations in lens transparency
after age 65? -✓✓ 60%
• What type of cataract is a fully developed opacity of the lens with fluid generation and
swelling of the lens volume? -✓✓ Hypermature
,• Which of the following statements is false regarding cataracts? -✓✓ Cataracts will only
form in the nucleus of the lens.
• ________ is the condition in which both eyes have equal refractive power. -✓✓
Insometropia
• Irregular astigmatism occurs when the principal meridians are not uniform along a
major meridian and not uniform along a meridian. They are found at some place other
than 90 degree apart. Irregular astigmatism is commonly caused by trauma surgery, or
corneal dystrophy. TRUE or FALSE -✓✓ True
• In poor light, a person sees red light better than blue, which is why the ocular system
tends to be more myopic, i.e. twilight myopia.
TRUE or FALSE -✓✓ True
• _______ are _____ cells that detect motion within a field. -✓✓ Rods-Long
• The crystalline lens is the same size at birth as in an adult, however, it adds cell layers
throughout life, packing them in which makes the crystalline lens harder and is one of
the causes of presbyopia. TRUE or FALSE -✓✓ False
• The triangular structure between the choroid and root of the iris, containing the ciliary
epithelium, stroma, and ciliary muscle is the: -✓✓ Ciliary body
• There are 5 layers of the cornea. They are: -✓✓ From most anterior to posterior.
Epithelium-Bowman's Layer- Stroma- Descemet membrane- Endothelium
• The refractive index of the cornea is: -✓✓ 1.376
• The most powerful refracting medium of the eyes optical system is the cornea. There
are five layers of the cornea, each having a unique purpose and cell structure. One of
the requirements of clear vision is that the cornea ________. -✓✓ must remain
transparent and must have regular cell structures of all layers.
• Polarized filters are made by stretching thin sheets of __________ in one meridian. -
✓✓ Polyvinyl alcohol
• Visible glare can be dangerous because it can not only wash out colors, but in some
instances, can cause _________. -✓✓ Photokeratitis
• Features and benefits of Trivex include __________. -✓✓ Superior optics
Impact Resistant
Ultra-lightweight
,• What is the index of refraction of Trivex? -✓✓ 1.53
• What is the index refraction of polycarbonate? -✓✓ 1.59
• What company introduced CR-39 lenses? -✓✓ PPG industries
• __________ are generally inorganic materials (metals or minerals) that are vacuum
deposited to add color on glass lenses to give a uniform density of color on the lenses. -
✓✓ Vacuum color coating
• Glare is of more concern to which wearer? -✓✓ Cataract patients
• _______ is better than ______ for improving contrast? -✓✓ Green-Gray
• _______ added to any color increases contrast. -✓✓ Yellow
• Although this may be the most popular color for sun lenses, it is not recommended for
patients with emerging cataracts. -✓✓ Gray
• Given a high plus or high minus RX, which lens material would offer the best choice for
uniform density in sun lenses? -✓✓ CR-39 & Trivex
• A Characteristic of a dark tinted glass lens with an RX of +4.00 SPH would be
_________. -✓✓ Darker in the center and lighter on the edge
• If a person has exposure to sunlight at least 2 hours or more during the day,
__________. -✓✓ their ability to adapt to night vision is compromised if they don't
protect their eyes from the sun exposure.
• Standard transmission is sun lenses should range between _________. -✓✓ 15% to
30%
• The denser the tint in a lens, __________ -✓✓ the less transmission of light through
the lens.
• The absorption of light in lenses is classified by two variables. What are they? -✓✓ Tint
& lens transmission
• Aphakia -✓✓ An absence of the crystalline lens of the eye (pseudophakia: having a
false lens)
• Apex -✓✓ Thinnest edge of a prism.
, • Anterior -✓✓ front cavity or compartment of the eye, located between the cornea and
CHAMBER: crystalline lens contains the aqueous humor.
• Anisometropia -✓✓ Condition in which the refractive error of one eye significantly
differs from that of the other.
OD -1.00 OS -2.25 or OD +1.00 OS +2.25
• Aniseikonia -✓✓ A condition in which the ocular image of an object as seen by one
eye differs so much in size or shape from that seen by the other eye that the two
images cannot be fused into a single impression. Unequal size of retinal images.
• Ametropia -✓✓ A refractive error in which the eye, when in a state of rest, does not
focus the image of an object upon the retina; includes "hyperopia, myopia, &
astigmatism.
any error of refraction in which images do not focus properly on the retina
• Ambylopia -✓✓ Loss of vision without any apparent disease of the eye.
Lazy eye causing other eye to lose some portions of visions.
• Addition -✓✓ Difference in plus power between the reading & distance portions of a
multifocal lens.
• Acuity -✓✓ Visual expression of sharpness of vision (20/20 distance j.l near)
• Achromatic -✓✓ Descriptive of a lens capable of refracting light without creating a
rainbow effect.
without color
• Currently, the two materials capable of passing the ANSI Z-87 High Impact Test are
polycarbonate and _____. -✓✓ Trivex
• The FDA requires that impact resistance records are kept for ________. -✓✓ 3 years
• A lensometer target indicates a lens has 2D of base up with a 5.00 prism D auxiliary
prism positioned base down. The total base up prism in the lens is __________ prism
diopters -✓✓ 7 Prism Diopters
• The first step in verifying a prescription with a manual lensometer is to ___________. -
✓✓ Focus the eye piece
• A _________ is used to measure vertex distance. -✓✓ Disometer
