Pharmacology Exam 1 Questions and Revision Material

Pharmacology
Exam 1 - Elsevier
Quiz Questions

Which factor is a major pharmacokinetic process?
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a. physiologic interactions of drugs
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b. interactions among various drugs
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c. adverse reactions to drugs
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d. absorption of drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-d. absorption of drugs
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Pharmacokinetics involves the way the drug moves through the body, including absorption,
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distribution, metabolism, and excretion
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Which statement represents a physiologic change that may alter pharmacodynamics in older
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adults prescribed multiple medications?
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a. the % of drug absorbed often is decreased in older adults
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b. most older adults have decreased body fat and increased lean mass
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c. renal function declines with age, leading to decreased drug excretion
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,d. hepatic metabolism tends to increase in older adults, resulting in decreased drug levels -
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CORRECT ANSWER-c. renal function declines with age, leading to decreased drug excretion
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Although absorption may be delayed in older adults, the % absorbed does not change. Most
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older adults have increased body fat and decreased lean mass. Hepatic metabolism tends to
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decline with age.
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Which term refers to the study of how the administration of a drug influences cell physiology?
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a. pharmacology
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b. pharmacokinetics
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c. pharmacodynamics
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d. pharmacotherapeutics - CORRECT ANSWER-c. pharmacodynamics
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Pharmacodynamics studies what drugs do to the body (how they influence cellular physiology)
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Which phase of pharmacokinetics is of the greatest concern for the nurse when assessing for
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drug effects in older adults?
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a. absorption
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b. distribution
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c. metabolism
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d. excretion - CORRECT ANSWER-d. excretion
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Although pharmacokinetic changes in older adults affect all phases of pharmacokinetics, drug
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accumulation secondary to reduce renal excretion is the most important cause of adverse drug
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reactions in older adults
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,What is the correct order of the pharmacokinetic processes for parenteral drugs?
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1. biotransformation
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2. distribution
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3. elimination
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4. absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-4. absportion
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2. distribution
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1. biotransformation
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3. elimination
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The first step in the process of pharmacokinetics is absorption. The drug moves from the GI tract
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to body fluids by passive absorption, active absorption, or pinocytosis. The absorbed drug is
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distributed by blood flow, the tissue's affinity for the drug, and the protein-binding effect. The
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distributed drug undergoes metabolism or biotransformation in various organs of the body, but
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the liver is the primary site of metabolism. The kidney filter free, unbound drugs, water-soluble
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drugs, and drugs that are unchanged through the process of elimination or excretion.
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Which statement is true about new drug development? Select all that apply.
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a. all adverse effects are known before a drug is approved for release
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b. phase I of clinical testing occurs with patients to determine therapeutic effects
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c. preclinical testing of drugs is always performed in healthy, nonpregnant adults
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d. participants in drug trials are unaware of whether they receive the drug or a placebo
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e. during preclinical testing, drugs are evaluated for toxicities, kinetic properties, and useful
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effects - CORRECT ANSWER-d. participants in drug trials are unaware of whether they receive
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the drug or a placebo
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e. during preclinical testing, drugs are evaluated for toxicities, kinetic properties, and useful
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effects
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, During the testing process, randomized controlled trials are used, in which the participants are
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unaware of which subjects are getting the drug, placebo, or control. Kinetics, toxicities, and
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effectiveness are tested during the preclinical phase. Because drug testing occurs in relatively
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small # of patients, those patients are carefully selected, the drug is taken for a relatively short
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time, and not all adverse are detected during the drug testing process. Phase I clinical testing is
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on healthy volunteers to evaluate pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and biological effects. Patient
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use occurs in Phases II and III. Preclinical drug testing is not performed in humans; it is done
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mostly in animals.
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A new nurse is caring for a patient who has been taking morphine sulfate for pain for 2 weeks.
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Which statement by the nurse shows an understanding of pharmacodynamic tolerance?
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a. "The minimum effective concentration of morphine is lowered."
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b. "The patient will require increased doses of morphine to achieve pain relief."
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c. "An increase in responsiveness to morphine results from repeated dosing over a short period."
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d. "This response to morphine is caused by psychologic factors and not by biochemical or
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physiologic properties." - CORRECT ANSWER-b. "The patient will require increased doses of
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morphine to achieve pain relief."
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Pharmacodynamic tolerance is the phenomenon of decreased responsiveness to a drug as a B B B B B B B B B B B B




result of repeated drug administration. Metabolic tolerance results from accelerated drug
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metabolism and not repeated dosages; therefore the minimum effective concentration is not
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affected. Tachyphylaxis is a reduction in drug responsiveness as a result of repeated dosing over
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a short time. The placebo effect is a drug response caused by psychologic factors and not by the
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drug's biochemical or physiologic properties
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Which statement indicates that the nurse understands the meaning of pharmacokinetics?
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a. "It explains the adverse reactions to drugs."
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b. "It explains interactions among various drugs."
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