ACE YOUR NUR 445 EXAM: COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE WITH
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
2026/2027
◍ •HHS is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia and severe
dehydration without. Answer: significant ketoacidosis. Fluid
resuscitation with isotonic •fluids/ normal saline) is the priority
◍ diabetes insipidus (DI) - polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia, and
low urine osmolality. Desmopressin (synthetic ADH) is the. Answer:
first-line treatment, and hypotonic IV fluids help correct dehydration.
Serum sodium and urine output must be closely monitored to assess
treatment effectiveness
◍ In DI, Neuromuscular excitability, such as muscle twitching,
cramping, or seizures, can indicate. Answer: severe hyponatremia,
which is a life-threatening condition. High urine output and low urine
specific gravity expected
◍ •Furosemide (a loop diuretic) promotes diuresis, which would
worsen polyuria in diabetes insipidus. Clients with DI require.
Answer: fluid replacement and desmopressin (synthetic ADH) to
control excessive urine output. Monitoring urine output is essential
for assessing treatment effectiveness.
◍ high urine sodium level of 300 mEq/day and urine osmolality of
1,352 mOsm/kg indicate that. Answer: the kidneys are producing
concentrated urine, which is characteristic of SIADH.
,◍ Addisonian crisis - IV hydrocortisone is the treatment of choice to
replace cortisol, and IV normal saline is required to. Answer: correct
hypotension and sodium depletion. Serum potassium and blood
glucose should be closely monitored due to the risk of hyperkalemia
and hypoglycemia.
◍ •In Addison's disease, sodium levels are typically low due to
insufficient aldosterone, so sodium restriction is. Answer:
inappropriate. Clients with adrenal crisis require fluid resuscitation
with isotonic solutions/ normal saline), corticosteroid replacement,
and close monitoring of potassium levels due to the risk of
hyperkalemia
◍ •Hypokalemia (serum potassium <3.0 mEq/L) is the most
concerning finding in Cushing's syndrome, as it can lead to
lifethreatening arrhythmias and muscle weakness. The nurse should
question. Answer: the order to monitor white blood cell count daily in
a client with Cushing's syndrome because the condition typically
results in immune suppression due to elevated cortisol levels. Weigh
daily, admin o2, corticosteroids
◍ Thyroid storm - life-threatening hypermetabolic state that causes
extreme tachycardia, hypertension, and fever. IV beta-blockers/
propranolol) are. Answer: the first-line intervention to reduce heart
rate and myocardial oxygen demand. clinical manifestations
indicative of a thyroid storm are tachycardia, hyperthermia, low TSH,
and elevated T3 and T4.
◍ Myxedema coma - life-threatening form of severe hypothyroidism
characterized by bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, LOC, and
, respiratory depression. The priority intervention is. Answer: the
administration of IV levothyroxine to replace thyroid hormones.
◍ Hypocalcemia is a potential complication after thyroid surgery due
to inadvertent removal or damage to the. Answer: parathyroid glands.
Tingling, muscle twitching, and perioral numbness suggest low
calcium levels. IV calcium gluconate is the treatment of choice.
◍ "Perform oral care every 2 hours" to prevent the development of.
Answer: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
◍ low pH of 7.20, (HCO3 of 10, PaCO2 of 33, PaO2 of 48 mmHg
indicates hypoxemia, which is common in cardiogenic shock.
Together, these findings suggest that the client is experiencing.
Answer: metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory compensation and
hypoxemia due to the impaired oxygenation associated with
cardiogenic shock.
◍ low pH (7.30) and elevated PaCO2 (50 mmHg) indicate respiratory
acidosis, which is uncompensated as the HCO3 remains normal (24
mEq/L). The low PaO2 (55 mmHg) indicates. Answer: hypoxemia,
which is expected in acute decompensated heart failure with
pulmonary edema, as fluid accumulation in the lungs impairs gas
exchange.
◍ elevated pH (7.50) and low PaCO2 (30 mmHg) indicate respiratory
alkalosis, which is uncompensated since the HCO3 is within the
normal range (24 mEq/L). This condition is commonly seen in clients
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
2026/2027
◍ •HHS is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia and severe
dehydration without. Answer: significant ketoacidosis. Fluid
resuscitation with isotonic •fluids/ normal saline) is the priority
◍ diabetes insipidus (DI) - polyuria, polydipsia, hypernatremia, and
low urine osmolality. Desmopressin (synthetic ADH) is the. Answer:
first-line treatment, and hypotonic IV fluids help correct dehydration.
Serum sodium and urine output must be closely monitored to assess
treatment effectiveness
◍ In DI, Neuromuscular excitability, such as muscle twitching,
cramping, or seizures, can indicate. Answer: severe hyponatremia,
which is a life-threatening condition. High urine output and low urine
specific gravity expected
◍ •Furosemide (a loop diuretic) promotes diuresis, which would
worsen polyuria in diabetes insipidus. Clients with DI require.
Answer: fluid replacement and desmopressin (synthetic ADH) to
control excessive urine output. Monitoring urine output is essential
for assessing treatment effectiveness.
◍ high urine sodium level of 300 mEq/day and urine osmolality of
1,352 mOsm/kg indicate that. Answer: the kidneys are producing
concentrated urine, which is characteristic of SIADH.
,◍ Addisonian crisis - IV hydrocortisone is the treatment of choice to
replace cortisol, and IV normal saline is required to. Answer: correct
hypotension and sodium depletion. Serum potassium and blood
glucose should be closely monitored due to the risk of hyperkalemia
and hypoglycemia.
◍ •In Addison's disease, sodium levels are typically low due to
insufficient aldosterone, so sodium restriction is. Answer:
inappropriate. Clients with adrenal crisis require fluid resuscitation
with isotonic solutions/ normal saline), corticosteroid replacement,
and close monitoring of potassium levels due to the risk of
hyperkalemia
◍ •Hypokalemia (serum potassium <3.0 mEq/L) is the most
concerning finding in Cushing's syndrome, as it can lead to
lifethreatening arrhythmias and muscle weakness. The nurse should
question. Answer: the order to monitor white blood cell count daily in
a client with Cushing's syndrome because the condition typically
results in immune suppression due to elevated cortisol levels. Weigh
daily, admin o2, corticosteroids
◍ Thyroid storm - life-threatening hypermetabolic state that causes
extreme tachycardia, hypertension, and fever. IV beta-blockers/
propranolol) are. Answer: the first-line intervention to reduce heart
rate and myocardial oxygen demand. clinical manifestations
indicative of a thyroid storm are tachycardia, hyperthermia, low TSH,
and elevated T3 and T4.
◍ Myxedema coma - life-threatening form of severe hypothyroidism
characterized by bradycardia, hypothermia, hypotension, LOC, and
, respiratory depression. The priority intervention is. Answer: the
administration of IV levothyroxine to replace thyroid hormones.
◍ Hypocalcemia is a potential complication after thyroid surgery due
to inadvertent removal or damage to the. Answer: parathyroid glands.
Tingling, muscle twitching, and perioral numbness suggest low
calcium levels. IV calcium gluconate is the treatment of choice.
◍ "Perform oral care every 2 hours" to prevent the development of.
Answer: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
◍ low pH of 7.20, (HCO3 of 10, PaCO2 of 33, PaO2 of 48 mmHg
indicates hypoxemia, which is common in cardiogenic shock.
Together, these findings suggest that the client is experiencing.
Answer: metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory compensation and
hypoxemia due to the impaired oxygenation associated with
cardiogenic shock.
◍ low pH (7.30) and elevated PaCO2 (50 mmHg) indicate respiratory
acidosis, which is uncompensated as the HCO3 remains normal (24
mEq/L). The low PaO2 (55 mmHg) indicates. Answer: hypoxemia,
which is expected in acute decompensated heart failure with
pulmonary edema, as fluid accumulation in the lungs impairs gas
exchange.
◍ elevated pH (7.50) and low PaCO2 (30 mmHg) indicate respiratory
alkalosis, which is uncompensated since the HCO3 is within the
normal range (24 mEq/L). This condition is commonly seen in clients
