NURS 5315 EXAM 2 (2026/2027) QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ UTA
Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens?
a. ) Complement receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
c. ) Toll-like receptors
d. )Pattern recognition receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
The scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate
recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens. Complement receptors
recognize a variety of fragments produced through activation of the complement
system. Toll-like receptors are expressed on the surface of cells, including
epithelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. They
recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns or stressed host cells. Pattern
recognition receptors recognize patterns of infectious molecules. These receptors
are found on cells involved in innate resistance.
Which statement regarding mast cells is true?
a. ) Histamine causes vasoconstriction.
b. ) Mast cells are found only in blood vessels.
,c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
d. ) Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
A number of things cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury,
chemical agents (including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic
means, and activation of an inflammatory response. Histamine is released from
mast cells and causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found in loose connective tissue
close to blood vessels. Mast cells are involved in initiating many allergic reactions.
Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar
to histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte
a. ) Leukotriene
Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and cause smooth muscle contraction,
increased vascular permeability, and chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased
vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and pain. Adhesion molecules increase the
stickiness between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of foreign material.
Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?
,a. ) Neutrophils are agranular.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
c. ) Neutrophils are the largest blood cells.
d. ) Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation. They arrive
before lymphocytes and macrophages. Monocytes are the largest blood cells and
are granular.
What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in
response to a bacterial pathogen?
a. ) Interleukins
b. ) Interferons
c. ) Chemokines
d. ) Tumor necrosis factor
a. ) Interleukins
Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen. Interferons primarily protect
against viral infections. Chemokines induce leukocyte chemotaxis. Tumor necrosis
, factor, produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, induces a multitude of
proinflammatory effects including the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an)
a. ) lack of giant cells.
b. ) absence of exudate.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
d. ) inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and
macrophages. Giant cells are multinucleated cells that are formed by fused
macrophages during granuloma formation. Chronic inflammation often results in
pus formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic
inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
a. ) Antibacterial fatty acids
b. ) Lysozymes in tears
c. ) Epithelial cells
d. ) Earwax
C. Epithelial cells
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ UTA
Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and
phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens?
a. ) Complement receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
c. ) Toll-like receptors
d. )Pattern recognition receptors
b. ) Scavenger receptors
The scavenger receptors are primarily expressed on macrophages and facilitate
recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens. Complement receptors
recognize a variety of fragments produced through activation of the complement
system. Toll-like receptors are expressed on the surface of cells, including
epithelial, mast, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes. They
recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns or stressed host cells. Pattern
recognition receptors recognize patterns of infectious molecules. These receptors
are found on cells involved in innate resistance.
Which statement regarding mast cells is true?
a. ) Histamine causes vasoconstriction.
b. ) Mast cells are found only in blood vessels.
,c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
d. ) Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions.
c. ) Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation.
A number of things cause the activation of mast cells, including physical injury,
chemical agents (including toxins, bee venom, and snake bites), immunologic
means, and activation of an inflammatory response. Histamine is released from
mast cells and causes vasodilation. Mast cells are found in loose connective tissue
close to blood vessels. Mast cells are involved in initiating many allergic reactions.
Which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar
to histamine?
a. ) Leukotriene
b. ) Prostaglandin
c. ) Adhesion molecule
d. ) Phagocyte
a. ) Leukotriene
Leukotrienes act similar to histamine and cause smooth muscle contraction,
increased vascular permeability, and chemotaxis. Prostaglandins cause increased
vascular permeability, chemotaxis, and pain. Adhesion molecules increase the
stickiness between cells. Phagocyte cells ingest and dispose of foreign material.
Which statement is true regarding neutrophils?
,a. ) Neutrophils are agranular.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
c. ) Neutrophils are the largest blood cells.
d. ) Neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages.
b. ) Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation.
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation. They arrive
before lymphocytes and macrophages. Monocytes are the largest blood cells and
are granular.
What biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in
response to a bacterial pathogen?
a. ) Interleukins
b. ) Interferons
c. ) Chemokines
d. ) Tumor necrosis factor
a. ) Interleukins
Interleukins are biochemical messengers produced by macrophages and
lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen. Interferons primarily protect
against viral infections. Chemokines induce leukocyte chemotaxis. Tumor necrosis
, factor, produced by macrophages and lymphocytes, induces a multitude of
proinflammatory effects including the enhancement of endothelial cell adhesion.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a(an)
a. ) lack of giant cells.
b. ) absence of exudate.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
d. ) inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks.
c. ) dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages.
Chronic inflammation is characterized by a dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and
macrophages. Giant cells are multinucleated cells that are formed by fused
macrophages during granuloma formation. Chronic inflammation often results in
pus formation, purulent discharge, and incomplete wound healing. Chronic
inflammation of any cause lasts longer than 2 weeks.
Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier?
a. ) Antibacterial fatty acids
b. ) Lysozymes in tears
c. ) Epithelial cells
d. ) Earwax
C. Epithelial cells
