NR 325 EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Endocrine System Function - ANSWER ✔ Produce hormones and secrete
them directly into the bloodstream
2. Insulin - ANSWER ✔ Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
3. Counterregulatory Hormones - ANSWER ✔ Oppose the effects of insulin,
and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release of
glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
4. Glucagon - ANSWER ✔ Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells
when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II,
glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas
doesn't respond normally.
5. Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER ✔ A chronic, multi-system disease related to
abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is
no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with good
management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native
Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
6. Diabetes Complications - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes is the leading cause of
adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb
amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
,7. Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes
prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased
insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and
untreated diabetes is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal
physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
8. Ischemic Stroke - ANSWER ✔ Caused by a clot that occludes blood
supply to an area of the brain.
More common type, occurs in 80-85% of strokes.
9. Hemorrhagic Stroke - ANSWER ✔ Caused by bleeding of brain tissue.
May be due to either intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Less common than ischemic stroke, but has a much worse prognosis. If a brain
cell gets blood on it, it dies. Many with this type of stroke die or are left with
significant disabilities.
10.Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - ANSWER ✔ Transient episode of
neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal
ischemia, without acute infarction of the brain. Symptoms last less than 1
hour
11.Stroke Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER ✔ Facial drooping
Arm drifting
Speech impairment
This manifestations are present in 88% of all strokes. Act fast, when these
manifestations occur, you only have 4 hours to treat. Manifestations are related
to the location of the stroke. A lesion on one side of the brain affects the motor
function on the contralateral side of the rain.
12.Right-Side Brain Damage Stroke - ANSWER ✔ -Paralysis of left side
-Left sided neglect
-Spacial/perceptual deficits (!!)
-Tends to deny or minimize problems
-Rapid performance, short attention span
-Impulsive behavior (!!)
-Impaired judgement
-Impaired time concepts
-Right sided gaze preference
,13.Left-Side Brain Damage Stroke - ANSWER ✔ -Paralysis of right side
-Impaired speech/language
-Impaired right/left discrimination
-Slow performance, cautious (!!)
-Aware of deficits, depression and anxiety
-Impaired comprehension related to language and math
-Left sided gaze preference
14.Stroke Diagnostic Studies - ANSWER ✔ When symptoms of a stroke
occur, diagnosis is need to confirm there is a stroke and to identify the cause.
A CT scan is the primary diagnostic test. You are looking for presence or
absence of blood in the brain.
15.Acute Care of Stroke Patient - ANSWER ✔ Goals for collaborative care
during the acute phase are preserving life, preventing further brain damage,
and reducing disability. Treatment differs according to the type of stroke and
as the patient changes. There is an NIH stroke scale that decides of an
individual should get tPA.
You need to monitor vitals and neurologic status, LOC, sensory and motor
function, pupils, and cardiac rhythm. Management of the respiratory system is a
priority!!
16.1.010-1.030 - ANSWER ✔ Urine Specific Gravity
17.0.6-1.2 - ANSWER ✔ Creatinine
18.10-20 mg/dL - ANSWER ✔ BUN
19.Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan/tolvaptan, demeclocycline
- ANSWER ✔ SIADH treatment
20.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the
kidney to ADH - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes insipidus (DI)
21.Hypotonic solution, giving in what we are putting out
Vasopressin/Desmopressin
Carbamazepine - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes Inspidus treatment
, 22.Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that
stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and
vasoconstriction of arterioles. - ANSWER ✔ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
23.285-295 mOsm/kg - ANSWER ✔ Serum Osmolality
24.<270 mOsm/L - ANSWER ✔ Serum osmolality in SIADH
25.1.036 - ANSWER ✔ Specific gravity in SIADH
26.320, syrup - ANSWER ✔ Serum osmality in DI
27.160 - ANSWER ✔ sodium in DI
28.125 - ANSWER ✔ sodium in SIADH
29.Monitor fluid intake and output.
Vital signs: tachycardia, tachypnea
Assessment of mucous membranes
Monitor behavior changes (e.g., restlessness, disorientation).
Monitor laboratory findings (e.g., serum sodium).
Encourage fluids as ordered.
Monitor diet as ordered (e.g., restrict intake of salt and foods high in sodium). -
ANSWER ✔ Hypernatremia nursing interventions
30.correcting low volume and low blood pressure - ANSWER ✔ diabetes
inspidous
31.produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth -
ANSWER ✔ thyroid gland
32.progresses from hypothyroidism and shows decreases in mental status -
ANSWER ✔ myexedema coma
33.increased temp, pulse and HTN - ANSWER ✔ thyroid storm
Young to middle-aged women
ACCURATE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
DETAILED SOLUTIONS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Endocrine System Function - ANSWER ✔ Produce hormones and secrete
them directly into the bloodstream
2. Insulin - ANSWER ✔ Regulator of metabolism and storage of ingested
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins (anabolic or storage hormone).
Facilitates glucose transport across cell membranes
3. Counterregulatory Hormones - ANSWER ✔ Oppose the effects of insulin,
and increase blood glucose levels. They provide a regulated release of
glucose for energy, and help maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Ex: glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol
4. Glucagon - ANSWER ✔ Normally produced by pancreatic alpha cells
when blood sugar is low to raise blood glucose levels. In diabetes II,
glucagon is still produced, but because there is so much insulin, our pancreas
doesn't respond normally.
5. Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER ✔ A chronic, multi-system disease related to
abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. There is
no cure, but diabetic complications can be delayed or prevented with good
management. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, and Native
Americans have a higher incidence of diabetes.
6. Diabetes Complications - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes is the leading cause of
adult blindness, end-stage renal failure, and non-traumatic lower limb
amputations. It is also a major contributing factor to heart disease and stroke.
,7. Gerontologic Considerations with Diabetes - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes
prevalence increases with age related to reduced B-cell function, decreased
insulin sensitivity (!!), and altered carb metabolism. Undiagnosed and
untreated diabetes is more common in older adults, partly due to the normal
physiologic changes of aging resembling that of DM.
Diabetes is present in at least 25% of people over age 65.
8. Ischemic Stroke - ANSWER ✔ Caused by a clot that occludes blood
supply to an area of the brain.
More common type, occurs in 80-85% of strokes.
9. Hemorrhagic Stroke - ANSWER ✔ Caused by bleeding of brain tissue.
May be due to either intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Less common than ischemic stroke, but has a much worse prognosis. If a brain
cell gets blood on it, it dies. Many with this type of stroke die or are left with
significant disabilities.
10.Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - ANSWER ✔ Transient episode of
neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal
ischemia, without acute infarction of the brain. Symptoms last less than 1
hour
11.Stroke Clinical Manifestations - ANSWER ✔ Facial drooping
Arm drifting
Speech impairment
This manifestations are present in 88% of all strokes. Act fast, when these
manifestations occur, you only have 4 hours to treat. Manifestations are related
to the location of the stroke. A lesion on one side of the brain affects the motor
function on the contralateral side of the rain.
12.Right-Side Brain Damage Stroke - ANSWER ✔ -Paralysis of left side
-Left sided neglect
-Spacial/perceptual deficits (!!)
-Tends to deny or minimize problems
-Rapid performance, short attention span
-Impulsive behavior (!!)
-Impaired judgement
-Impaired time concepts
-Right sided gaze preference
,13.Left-Side Brain Damage Stroke - ANSWER ✔ -Paralysis of right side
-Impaired speech/language
-Impaired right/left discrimination
-Slow performance, cautious (!!)
-Aware of deficits, depression and anxiety
-Impaired comprehension related to language and math
-Left sided gaze preference
14.Stroke Diagnostic Studies - ANSWER ✔ When symptoms of a stroke
occur, diagnosis is need to confirm there is a stroke and to identify the cause.
A CT scan is the primary diagnostic test. You are looking for presence or
absence of blood in the brain.
15.Acute Care of Stroke Patient - ANSWER ✔ Goals for collaborative care
during the acute phase are preserving life, preventing further brain damage,
and reducing disability. Treatment differs according to the type of stroke and
as the patient changes. There is an NIH stroke scale that decides of an
individual should get tPA.
You need to monitor vitals and neurologic status, LOC, sensory and motor
function, pupils, and cardiac rhythm. Management of the respiratory system is a
priority!!
16.1.010-1.030 - ANSWER ✔ Urine Specific Gravity
17.0.6-1.2 - ANSWER ✔ Creatinine
18.10-20 mg/dL - ANSWER ✔ BUN
19.Fluid restriction, IV hypertonic saline, conivaptan/tolvaptan, demeclocycline
- ANSWER ✔ SIADH treatment
20.antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is not secreted, or there is a resistance of the
kidney to ADH - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes insipidus (DI)
21.Hypotonic solution, giving in what we are putting out
Vasopressin/Desmopressin
Carbamazepine - ANSWER ✔ Diabetes Inspidus treatment
, 22.Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that
stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and
vasoconstriction of arterioles. - ANSWER ✔ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
23.285-295 mOsm/kg - ANSWER ✔ Serum Osmolality
24.<270 mOsm/L - ANSWER ✔ Serum osmolality in SIADH
25.1.036 - ANSWER ✔ Specific gravity in SIADH
26.320, syrup - ANSWER ✔ Serum osmality in DI
27.160 - ANSWER ✔ sodium in DI
28.125 - ANSWER ✔ sodium in SIADH
29.Monitor fluid intake and output.
Vital signs: tachycardia, tachypnea
Assessment of mucous membranes
Monitor behavior changes (e.g., restlessness, disorientation).
Monitor laboratory findings (e.g., serum sodium).
Encourage fluids as ordered.
Monitor diet as ordered (e.g., restrict intake of salt and foods high in sodium). -
ANSWER ✔ Hypernatremia nursing interventions
30.correcting low volume and low blood pressure - ANSWER ✔ diabetes
inspidous
31.produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth -
ANSWER ✔ thyroid gland
32.progresses from hypothyroidism and shows decreases in mental status -
ANSWER ✔ myexedema coma
33.increased temp, pulse and HTN - ANSWER ✔ thyroid storm
Young to middle-aged women
