HUN 3126 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
What is Omnivores Paradox? - ANS ✔✔the need to experiment with foods combined with the need for
caution
- B/c no single food has all the nutrition needed for survival, humans must be able to eat a variety of
foods, yet be cautious enough not to ingest foods that are harmful and fatal.
What results from the omnivores paradox? - ANS ✔✔two contradictory impulses- an attraction to new
foods, but a preference for familiar foods.
Why are food habits important in the omnivores paradox? - ANS ✔✔Food habits developed by groups of
people provide a framework and rules for new food and food traditions. These rules include which foods
are edible, procurement and cooking of foods, taste, and when foods should be consumed.
What is Enculturation? - ANS ✔✔the passing of culture through language and socialization
What is Acculturation? - ANS ✔✔the adaptation to a new majority society through behavior patterns
- occur through micro, or small, changes as well as macro, or large changes
micro changes in Acculturation? - ANS ✔✔change in attitudes, beliefs, or behavior
macro changes in acculturation? - ANS ✔✔economical, social, or political
first-generation immigrants and acculturation? - ANS ✔✔stay emotionally connected to their original
culture, but adopt some values and practices of the majority culture.
- They typically surround themselves with people from their same ethnic background
Second generations/ after and acculturation? - ANS ✔✔- usually become bicultural when the new
majority culture is seen as complementary.
- The positive aspects of both societies (the new and old) are embraced, and these generations have
skills to operate within either culture.
What is assimilation? - ANS ✔✔occurs when individuals from one cultural group completely shed their
cultural identity and merge into the majority culture
- typically does not occur with first-generation immigrants
acculturation of food habits? - ANS ✔✔food habits are often last to change
- While immigrants often try new foods, this is independent from their traditional habits
What many speed up acculturation of food habits? - ANS ✔✔lack of available ingredients, convenience,
and cost of food
- foods that taste good are more easily accepted and unpopular traditional foods are often the first to be
left behind
,what foods are most resistant to acculturation? - ANS ✔✔foods most associated with ethnic identity,
such as Asians and rice or Muslims and pork
What are core foods? - ANS ✔✔staple foods that are used on a regular basis, typically daily
-these are usually complex carbohydrates such as rice, wheat, corn, plantains, etc
what are secondary foods? - ANS ✔✔foods that are widely eaten but consumed less frequently than
core foods, typically once a week or more
- chicken, lettuce, and apples
What are peripheral foods? - ANS ✔✔foods that are eaten sporadically and characterize individual
preferences, not the cultural group
- believed that changes in food behaviors typically occur first with peripheral foods, then core foods
Changes in food behaviors are believed to happen with what type of food? - ANS ✔✔Peripheral foods
than core foods
- someone who is willing to omit foods that they eat rarely are typically much more reluctant to change
those eaten daily or those associated with their cultural identity
What is the consumer food choice model? - ANS ✔✔helps to explain the factors that influence decisions
about food
What is the primary motivator for food choice? - ANS ✔✔taste
- includes the color, aroma, flavor, and texture of foods
- Some characteristics are expected, and individuals tend to prefer colors, smells, textures, and flavors
that are predictable
What is the second motivator for food choice? - ANS ✔✔Cost
- income level is the most significant sociodemographic factor in predicting food selection.
The cost of foods vary by location, and in the U.S., affordability limits the purchase of healthy foods.
What is the third major motivator for food choice? - ANS ✔✔convenience
- in urbanized societies where individuals may work far from home and family
Other motivators for food choice? - ANS ✔✔self- expression (the way individuals indicate who they are
by behavior or activities)
physical and spiritual well being ( age, gender, body image)
variety (motivation to try new foods)
what is metabolic syndrome? - ANS ✔✔cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of
heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome includes? - ANS ✔✔- high blood pressure
, - high blood sugar
- excess body fat around the waist
- insulin resistance
- dyslipdemia
Metabolic syndrome and Hispanic Americans? - ANS ✔✔- higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in Mexican
Americans than whites and African Americans
- a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than whites
- Hispanic Americans are 30% more likely to have a stroke and cardiovascular diseases are the number
one cause of death in this group.
metabolic syndrome in Caribbean islanders? - ANS ✔✔there has been a genetic component that
contributes to the development of this condition in Caribbean Hispanics
- The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is 52% among men and 37% among women; hypertension
occurs in 25% of men and 24% of women; and 17% of individuals have diabetes
- Additionally, metabolic syndrome increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and
21% of Hispanics in 2011 were diagnosed with diabetes
metabolic syndrome in Asian Indians? - ANS ✔✔occurs in high rates among Asian Indians
- possible that this is due to genetic predisposition and environmental influences (diet, inactivity, and
stress)
metabolic syndrome and vegetarian diet in asian indians? - ANS ✔✔vegetarian diets may actually be
higher in carbohydrates and calories than the typical higher-protein Western diet
hypercaloric
Indian Americans have high rates of?
they are at an increased risk for?
Asian Indians develop diabetes at a younger age and have higher prevalence rates than whites and most
other ethnic groups at? - ANS ✔✔- high rates of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
-increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
13%.
Asian indians have increased amounts of? - ANS ✔✔visceral fat, even when they are non-obese
that they have increased insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and are metabolically obese
Pakistani men were found to have higher rates of _______________ than Asian Indian men and more
than ______% of adults aged __________ or older from urban areas of Karachi were found to have
_____________ ___________________. . - ANS ✔✔diabetes
35%
25
QUESTIONS, ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
What is Omnivores Paradox? - ANS ✔✔the need to experiment with foods combined with the need for
caution
- B/c no single food has all the nutrition needed for survival, humans must be able to eat a variety of
foods, yet be cautious enough not to ingest foods that are harmful and fatal.
What results from the omnivores paradox? - ANS ✔✔two contradictory impulses- an attraction to new
foods, but a preference for familiar foods.
Why are food habits important in the omnivores paradox? - ANS ✔✔Food habits developed by groups of
people provide a framework and rules for new food and food traditions. These rules include which foods
are edible, procurement and cooking of foods, taste, and when foods should be consumed.
What is Enculturation? - ANS ✔✔the passing of culture through language and socialization
What is Acculturation? - ANS ✔✔the adaptation to a new majority society through behavior patterns
- occur through micro, or small, changes as well as macro, or large changes
micro changes in Acculturation? - ANS ✔✔change in attitudes, beliefs, or behavior
macro changes in acculturation? - ANS ✔✔economical, social, or political
first-generation immigrants and acculturation? - ANS ✔✔stay emotionally connected to their original
culture, but adopt some values and practices of the majority culture.
- They typically surround themselves with people from their same ethnic background
Second generations/ after and acculturation? - ANS ✔✔- usually become bicultural when the new
majority culture is seen as complementary.
- The positive aspects of both societies (the new and old) are embraced, and these generations have
skills to operate within either culture.
What is assimilation? - ANS ✔✔occurs when individuals from one cultural group completely shed their
cultural identity and merge into the majority culture
- typically does not occur with first-generation immigrants
acculturation of food habits? - ANS ✔✔food habits are often last to change
- While immigrants often try new foods, this is independent from their traditional habits
What many speed up acculturation of food habits? - ANS ✔✔lack of available ingredients, convenience,
and cost of food
- foods that taste good are more easily accepted and unpopular traditional foods are often the first to be
left behind
,what foods are most resistant to acculturation? - ANS ✔✔foods most associated with ethnic identity,
such as Asians and rice or Muslims and pork
What are core foods? - ANS ✔✔staple foods that are used on a regular basis, typically daily
-these are usually complex carbohydrates such as rice, wheat, corn, plantains, etc
what are secondary foods? - ANS ✔✔foods that are widely eaten but consumed less frequently than
core foods, typically once a week or more
- chicken, lettuce, and apples
What are peripheral foods? - ANS ✔✔foods that are eaten sporadically and characterize individual
preferences, not the cultural group
- believed that changes in food behaviors typically occur first with peripheral foods, then core foods
Changes in food behaviors are believed to happen with what type of food? - ANS ✔✔Peripheral foods
than core foods
- someone who is willing to omit foods that they eat rarely are typically much more reluctant to change
those eaten daily or those associated with their cultural identity
What is the consumer food choice model? - ANS ✔✔helps to explain the factors that influence decisions
about food
What is the primary motivator for food choice? - ANS ✔✔taste
- includes the color, aroma, flavor, and texture of foods
- Some characteristics are expected, and individuals tend to prefer colors, smells, textures, and flavors
that are predictable
What is the second motivator for food choice? - ANS ✔✔Cost
- income level is the most significant sociodemographic factor in predicting food selection.
The cost of foods vary by location, and in the U.S., affordability limits the purchase of healthy foods.
What is the third major motivator for food choice? - ANS ✔✔convenience
- in urbanized societies where individuals may work far from home and family
Other motivators for food choice? - ANS ✔✔self- expression (the way individuals indicate who they are
by behavior or activities)
physical and spiritual well being ( age, gender, body image)
variety (motivation to try new foods)
what is metabolic syndrome? - ANS ✔✔cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of
heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes
Metabolic syndrome includes? - ANS ✔✔- high blood pressure
, - high blood sugar
- excess body fat around the waist
- insulin resistance
- dyslipdemia
Metabolic syndrome and Hispanic Americans? - ANS ✔✔- higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in Mexican
Americans than whites and African Americans
- a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than whites
- Hispanic Americans are 30% more likely to have a stroke and cardiovascular diseases are the number
one cause of death in this group.
metabolic syndrome in Caribbean islanders? - ANS ✔✔there has been a genetic component that
contributes to the development of this condition in Caribbean Hispanics
- The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is 52% among men and 37% among women; hypertension
occurs in 25% of men and 24% of women; and 17% of individuals have diabetes
- Additionally, metabolic syndrome increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and
21% of Hispanics in 2011 were diagnosed with diabetes
metabolic syndrome in Asian Indians? - ANS ✔✔occurs in high rates among Asian Indians
- possible that this is due to genetic predisposition and environmental influences (diet, inactivity, and
stress)
metabolic syndrome and vegetarian diet in asian indians? - ANS ✔✔vegetarian diets may actually be
higher in carbohydrates and calories than the typical higher-protein Western diet
hypercaloric
Indian Americans have high rates of?
they are at an increased risk for?
Asian Indians develop diabetes at a younger age and have higher prevalence rates than whites and most
other ethnic groups at? - ANS ✔✔- high rates of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia
-increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
13%.
Asian indians have increased amounts of? - ANS ✔✔visceral fat, even when they are non-obese
that they have increased insulin resistance and dyslipidemia and are metabolically obese
Pakistani men were found to have higher rates of _______________ than Asian Indian men and more
than ______% of adults aged __________ or older from urban areas of Karachi were found to have
_____________ ___________________. . - ANS ✔✔diabetes
35%
25
