HSC3535 EXAM #4 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
Hirsutism - ✔✔excessive body hair in an adult male distribution pattern, occurring in women
Virilism - ✔✔the development of masculine physical traits in the female (such as growth of facial and
body hair, increased secretion of the sebaceous glands, deepening of the voice, and enlargement of the
clitoris); also called masculinization. This condition may be due to an abnormality or dysfunction of the
adrenal gland
Androgynist - ✔✔the possession of the characteristics of both sexes
Progesterone - ✔✔a female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and the placenta. It is primarily
responsible for the changes that occur in the endometrium in anticipation of a fertilized ovum and for
development of the maternal placenta after implantation of a fertilized ovum. Also known as progestin
Adrenaline - ✔✔a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing
rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion.
Epinephrine
Luteinizing hormone - ✔✔stimulates female ovulation and the secretion of testosterone (male sex
hormone) in the male
Insulin - ✔✔a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood
Diabetes mellitus - ✔✔a disorder of the pancreas in which the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of
the pancreas fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin, resulting in the body's inability to
metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins appropriately
Diabetes insipidus - ✔✔a condition caused by a deficiency in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland, characterized by large amounts of urine and sodium being
excreted from the body
Diabetes - ✔✔A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone
required for the metabolism of sugar
Adenohypophysis - ✔✔the anterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland - ✔✔develops from an upward projection of the pharynx in the embryo and is
composed of regular endocrine tissue, secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone,
lactogenic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, melanocyte stimulating
hormone, lutenizing hormone
Medulla - ✔✔the internal part of a structure or organ
,Insulin shock - ✔✔a state of shock due to extremely low blood sugar level caused by an overdose of
insulin, a decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise by a patient who is diabetic and insulin
dependent. Severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency
Glucose - ✔✔the simplest form of sugar in the body; a simple sugar found in certain foods, especially
fruits; also a major source of energy for the human body
Hyperthyroidism - ✔✔overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called Graves' disease
Polydipsia - ✔✔excessive thirst
Hypocalcemia - ✔✔less than normal blood calcium level
Polyphagia - ✔✔excessive eating
Conn's syndrome - ✔✔a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
Grave's Disease - ✔✔hypertrophy of the thyroid gland resulting in an excessive secretion of the thyroid
hormone that causes an extremely high body metabolism, thus creating multisystem changes
Addison's Disease - ✔✔a life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete
adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an
infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland
Thyroiditis - ✔✔chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter - ✔✔enlargement of the thyroid gland due to excessive growth (hyperplasia)
Exophthalmia - ✔✔an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s) typically due to an expanded volume of
the orbital contents. The eye(s) appear to bulge forward
Thyrotoxicosis - ✔✔An acute, sometimes fatal, incident of overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in
excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
Gestational Diabetes - ✔✔A disorder in which women who are not diabetic before pregnancy develop
symptoms of diabetes during the pregnancy; that is, they develop an inability to metabolize
carbohydrates (glucose intolerance) with resultant hyperglycemia
Acromegaly - ✔✔a chronic metabolic condition characterized by the gradual noticeable enlargement
and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to hypersecretion of the human
growth hormone after puberty
Pheochromocytoma - ✔✔a vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces extra epinephrine and
norepinephrine, leading to persistent or intermittent hypertension and heart palpitations
Cushing's syndrome - ✔✔a condition of the adrenal gland in which a cluster of symptoms occur as a
result of an excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in the blood
, Myxedema - ✔✔the most severe form of hypothyroidism in the adult. This condition is characterized by
puffiness of the hands and face; coarse, thickened edematous skin; an enlarged tongue; slow speech;
loss of and dryness of the hair; sensitivity to cold; drowsiness; and mental apathy
Adenitis - ✔✔inflammation of a gland or lymph node
Adenoma - ✔✔a glandular tumor
Adenopathy - ✔✔Any disease of a gland, characterized by enlargement
Hashimoto's disease - ✔✔an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and
destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
Dwarfism - ✔✔generalized growth retardation of the body due to the deficiency of the human growth
hormone; also known as congenital hypopituitarism (or hypopituitarism)
Gigantism - ✔✔a proportional overgrowth of the body's tissue due to the hypersecretion of the human
growth hormone before puberty
Hypopituitarism - ✔✔a complex syndrome resulting from the absence or deficiency of the pituitary
hormone
Hypothyroidism - ✔✔a condition in which there is a shortage of thyroid hormone, causing an extremely
low body metabolism due to a reduced usage of oxygen; also called myxedema in the most severe form
Polyuria - ✔✔the excretion of excessively large amounts of urine
Polyphagia - ✔✔excessive hunger
Pancreatic cancer - ✔✔a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the
pancreas
Pancreatitis - ✔✔an acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas
Pancreatolith - ✔✔A stone in the pancreatic ducts
Addison's disease - ✔✔a life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete
adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an
infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland
Diabetic retinopathy - ✔✔disorder of the blood vessels of the retina of the eye, in which the capillaries
of the retina experience localized areas of bulging (microaneurysms) hemorrhages, leakage, and scarring
Retinitis - ✔✔inflammation of the retina
Diabetic neuropathy - ✔✔nerve damage from impoverished blood flow can lead to erectile
dysfunction, incontinence, poor wound healing, and loss of sensation from area
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
Hirsutism - ✔✔excessive body hair in an adult male distribution pattern, occurring in women
Virilism - ✔✔the development of masculine physical traits in the female (such as growth of facial and
body hair, increased secretion of the sebaceous glands, deepening of the voice, and enlargement of the
clitoris); also called masculinization. This condition may be due to an abnormality or dysfunction of the
adrenal gland
Androgynist - ✔✔the possession of the characteristics of both sexes
Progesterone - ✔✔a female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum and the placenta. It is primarily
responsible for the changes that occur in the endometrium in anticipation of a fertilized ovum and for
development of the maternal placenta after implantation of a fertilized ovum. Also known as progestin
Adrenaline - ✔✔a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing
rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion.
Epinephrine
Luteinizing hormone - ✔✔stimulates female ovulation and the secretion of testosterone (male sex
hormone) in the male
Insulin - ✔✔a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the
pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood
Diabetes mellitus - ✔✔a disorder of the pancreas in which the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of
the pancreas fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin, resulting in the body's inability to
metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins appropriately
Diabetes insipidus - ✔✔a condition caused by a deficiency in the secretion of antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland, characterized by large amounts of urine and sodium being
excreted from the body
Diabetes - ✔✔A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone
required for the metabolism of sugar
Adenohypophysis - ✔✔the anterior pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland - ✔✔develops from an upward projection of the pharynx in the embryo and is
composed of regular endocrine tissue, secretes growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone,
lactogenic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, melanocyte stimulating
hormone, lutenizing hormone
Medulla - ✔✔the internal part of a structure or organ
,Insulin shock - ✔✔a state of shock due to extremely low blood sugar level caused by an overdose of
insulin, a decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise by a patient who is diabetic and insulin
dependent. Severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency
Glucose - ✔✔the simplest form of sugar in the body; a simple sugar found in certain foods, especially
fruits; also a major source of energy for the human body
Hyperthyroidism - ✔✔overactivity of the thyroid gland; also called Graves' disease
Polydipsia - ✔✔excessive thirst
Hypocalcemia - ✔✔less than normal blood calcium level
Polyphagia - ✔✔excessive eating
Conn's syndrome - ✔✔a disorder of the adrenal glands due to excessive production of aldosterone
Grave's Disease - ✔✔hypertrophy of the thyroid gland resulting in an excessive secretion of the thyroid
hormone that causes an extremely high body metabolism, thus creating multisystem changes
Addison's Disease - ✔✔a life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete
adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an
infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland
Thyroiditis - ✔✔chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland
Goiter - ✔✔enlargement of the thyroid gland due to excessive growth (hyperplasia)
Exophthalmia - ✔✔an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball(s) typically due to an expanded volume of
the orbital contents. The eye(s) appear to bulge forward
Thyrotoxicosis - ✔✔An acute, sometimes fatal, incident of overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in
excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
Gestational Diabetes - ✔✔A disorder in which women who are not diabetic before pregnancy develop
symptoms of diabetes during the pregnancy; that is, they develop an inability to metabolize
carbohydrates (glucose intolerance) with resultant hyperglycemia
Acromegaly - ✔✔a chronic metabolic condition characterized by the gradual noticeable enlargement
and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to hypersecretion of the human
growth hormone after puberty
Pheochromocytoma - ✔✔a vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces extra epinephrine and
norepinephrine, leading to persistent or intermittent hypertension and heart palpitations
Cushing's syndrome - ✔✔a condition of the adrenal gland in which a cluster of symptoms occur as a
result of an excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in the blood
, Myxedema - ✔✔the most severe form of hypothyroidism in the adult. This condition is characterized by
puffiness of the hands and face; coarse, thickened edematous skin; an enlarged tongue; slow speech;
loss of and dryness of the hair; sensitivity to cold; drowsiness; and mental apathy
Adenitis - ✔✔inflammation of a gland or lymph node
Adenoma - ✔✔a glandular tumor
Adenopathy - ✔✔Any disease of a gland, characterized by enlargement
Hashimoto's disease - ✔✔an autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and
destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
Dwarfism - ✔✔generalized growth retardation of the body due to the deficiency of the human growth
hormone; also known as congenital hypopituitarism (or hypopituitarism)
Gigantism - ✔✔a proportional overgrowth of the body's tissue due to the hypersecretion of the human
growth hormone before puberty
Hypopituitarism - ✔✔a complex syndrome resulting from the absence or deficiency of the pituitary
hormone
Hypothyroidism - ✔✔a condition in which there is a shortage of thyroid hormone, causing an extremely
low body metabolism due to a reduced usage of oxygen; also called myxedema in the most severe form
Polyuria - ✔✔the excretion of excessively large amounts of urine
Polyphagia - ✔✔excessive hunger
Pancreatic cancer - ✔✔a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the
pancreas
Pancreatitis - ✔✔an acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas
Pancreatolith - ✔✔A stone in the pancreatic ducts
Addison's disease - ✔✔a life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete
adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an
infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland
Diabetic retinopathy - ✔✔disorder of the blood vessels of the retina of the eye, in which the capillaries
of the retina experience localized areas of bulging (microaneurysms) hemorrhages, leakage, and scarring
Retinitis - ✔✔inflammation of the retina
Diabetic neuropathy - ✔✔nerve damage from impoverished blood flow can lead to erectile
dysfunction, incontinence, poor wound healing, and loss of sensation from area
