DAU Contracting Certification Exam
Transitional Bilingual uses the native language in core academic subjects. The goal is to phase into
English only as quickly as possible.
Developmental Bilingual uses the native language in core academic subjects throughout elementary
school. Sometimes the program extends into middle and high school even
after the student has been classified proficient in English.
Two-Way Immersion the students are from similar backgrounds with about half the class speaking
the native language and the other half speaking both. Instruction is about
evenly split between English and the native language.
Basic interpersonal communication skills encompass 1. Context-embedded communication
two different and distinct styles of communication: 2. Context-reduced communication
Context-reduced communication doesn't have visual cues so the student must rely on competency and fluency
to understand.
Context-embedded communication uses visual and vocal props to help the student understand what is being said.
The three methods most commonly used to teach grammar-based, communication-based and content-based.
English as a Second Language (ESL) are...
Grammar-based teaches students the rules: Structure, function and vocabulary. Emphasis is on
the why and how.
Communication-based teaches how to use English in every day, realistic situations. It emphasizes
practical conversational usage.
Content-based teaches grammar and vocabulary and uses written assignments to practice
these skills. It emphasizes an integrated approach to learning English.
The Continuum of Learning theory outlines predictable steps when learning a new language. No matter the age
and intelligence of the person, teachers encounter these general levels of
mastery.
, DAU Contracting Certification Exam
The Continuum of Learning theory stages... 1. Silent/Receptive or Preproduction stage
2. Early Production stage
3. Speech Emergence stage
4. Intermediate Language Proficiency stage
5. Advanced Learning Proficiency stage
The Silent/Receptive or Preproduction stage lasts from a few hours to six months. Students don't say much and communicate
using pictures, pointing and gestures.
In the Early Production stage students use one and two word phrases. They indicate understanding with
yes/no and who/what/where questions. This stage can last six months.
The Speech Emergence stage may last a year. Students use short sentences and begin to ask simple
questions.
Intermediate Language Proficiency stage students begin to make complex statements, share thoughts and opinions and
speak more often. This may last a year or more.
Advanced Learning Proficiency stage lasts five to seven years. Students have acquired a substantial vocabulary and
are capable of participating fully in discussions.
There are four key concepts teachers in mainstream 1. Increase comprehensibility
classrooms can use to help English Language Learners 2. Build on language concepts
(ELL) acquire proficiency in both written and spoken 3. Encourage interaction with students and adults
English. 4. Increase thinking and study skills
Increase comprehensibility of lesson plans and activities by using pictures, props, gestures and voice
variations to explain and demonstrate. Use short sentences and avoid slang
and idioms.
Encourage Interaction by asking questions and assigning group activities. This provides the ELL
student with lots of opportunities to practice what he/she knows and increase
confidence so he/she is able to learn more effectively.
Increase Thinking and Study Skills by asking thought-provoking questions and assigning complex topics for
research and writing projects. Establish and expect the same high standards
from every student. Use The Native Language to increase understanding and
comprehension. Translating questions and assignments into the student's native
language clarifies instructions and helps them understand what is expected.
What is one of the first things that needs to be Cultural identity!
determined before assessing reading ability/level?
Transitional Bilingual uses the native language in core academic subjects. The goal is to phase into
English only as quickly as possible.
Developmental Bilingual uses the native language in core academic subjects throughout elementary
school. Sometimes the program extends into middle and high school even
after the student has been classified proficient in English.
Two-Way Immersion the students are from similar backgrounds with about half the class speaking
the native language and the other half speaking both. Instruction is about
evenly split between English and the native language.
Basic interpersonal communication skills encompass 1. Context-embedded communication
two different and distinct styles of communication: 2. Context-reduced communication
Context-reduced communication doesn't have visual cues so the student must rely on competency and fluency
to understand.
Context-embedded communication uses visual and vocal props to help the student understand what is being said.
The three methods most commonly used to teach grammar-based, communication-based and content-based.
English as a Second Language (ESL) are...
Grammar-based teaches students the rules: Structure, function and vocabulary. Emphasis is on
the why and how.
Communication-based teaches how to use English in every day, realistic situations. It emphasizes
practical conversational usage.
Content-based teaches grammar and vocabulary and uses written assignments to practice
these skills. It emphasizes an integrated approach to learning English.
The Continuum of Learning theory outlines predictable steps when learning a new language. No matter the age
and intelligence of the person, teachers encounter these general levels of
mastery.
, DAU Contracting Certification Exam
The Continuum of Learning theory stages... 1. Silent/Receptive or Preproduction stage
2. Early Production stage
3. Speech Emergence stage
4. Intermediate Language Proficiency stage
5. Advanced Learning Proficiency stage
The Silent/Receptive or Preproduction stage lasts from a few hours to six months. Students don't say much and communicate
using pictures, pointing and gestures.
In the Early Production stage students use one and two word phrases. They indicate understanding with
yes/no and who/what/where questions. This stage can last six months.
The Speech Emergence stage may last a year. Students use short sentences and begin to ask simple
questions.
Intermediate Language Proficiency stage students begin to make complex statements, share thoughts and opinions and
speak more often. This may last a year or more.
Advanced Learning Proficiency stage lasts five to seven years. Students have acquired a substantial vocabulary and
are capable of participating fully in discussions.
There are four key concepts teachers in mainstream 1. Increase comprehensibility
classrooms can use to help English Language Learners 2. Build on language concepts
(ELL) acquire proficiency in both written and spoken 3. Encourage interaction with students and adults
English. 4. Increase thinking and study skills
Increase comprehensibility of lesson plans and activities by using pictures, props, gestures and voice
variations to explain and demonstrate. Use short sentences and avoid slang
and idioms.
Encourage Interaction by asking questions and assigning group activities. This provides the ELL
student with lots of opportunities to practice what he/she knows and increase
confidence so he/she is able to learn more effectively.
Increase Thinking and Study Skills by asking thought-provoking questions and assigning complex topics for
research and writing projects. Establish and expect the same high standards
from every student. Use The Native Language to increase understanding and
comprehension. Translating questions and assignments into the student's native
language clarifies instructions and helps them understand what is expected.
What is one of the first things that needs to be Cultural identity!
determined before assessing reading ability/level?
