D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
Terms in this set (71)
upper GI tract includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine (duodenum,
jejunum, ileum).
lower GI tract includes large intestine, rectum, anus
stomach parts fundus, body, pylorus
duodenum function receives the chyme from the stomach and secretions from the
liver and pancreas
jejunum function absorption of amino acids, glucose, iron, calcium and vitamins
A, D, E, and K
ileum function absorb vitamin B12
D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
, D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
how is the LES affected in GERD patients? The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) has decreased
muscular tone which allows for regurgitation of stomach
contents into the esophagus. The contents are acidic, which
erodes the esophagus.
Causes of LES dysfunction:
-Alcohol, chocolate, coffee, fatty meals, anticholinergics,
beta-agonists, CCBs, nitrates, progesterone, nicotine, obesity,
and pregnancy.
how does gastroparesis affect GERD? gastroparesis is defined as delayed gastric emptying into the
duodenum.
it causes distention which leads to increased pressure in the
stomach against the LES. this tension causes reflux.
how can GERD progress into a serious As the gastric contents erode the esophagus, the protective
illness? mucosal epithelial layer becomes ulcerated, which can cause
the esophageal epithelial cells to change into stomachlike
columnar epithelium (metaplasia). This is termed Barrett's
esophagus and is a precancerous change of cells.
what determines the seriousness of an blood loss
upper GI bleed?
acute upper GI bleed causes: rupture/tear/perforation in the esophagus or gastric
lining
symptoms: hematemesis, dark coffee ground emesis, melena,
occult blood
complications: hypotension, hypovolemia, and shock
chronic upper GI bleed causes: small tear or opening causes gradual loss of blood
symptoms: fatigue, low Hgb, and low iron
complications: iron deficiency anemia or melena
two causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)? H. pylori and NSAID/ASA use
pain occurs 2-3 hours after eating
how does hydrochloric acid (HCI) PUD is a hypersecretion of HCI, ineffective mucus production,
contribute to PUD? and poor cell repair.
erosion in the stomach let's HCI diffuse into the stomach lining
and blood vessels, triggering an inflammatory response. the
stomach releases more mucus and bicarbonate to neutralize
the acid; however, histamine and HCI are continuously
released from parietal cells and destroy the stomach lining.
PUD complications 1. GI hemorrhage
2. Perforation
3. Gastric outlet obstruction
4. Peritonitis
D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
Terms in this set (71)
upper GI tract includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine (duodenum,
jejunum, ileum).
lower GI tract includes large intestine, rectum, anus
stomach parts fundus, body, pylorus
duodenum function receives the chyme from the stomach and secretions from the
liver and pancreas
jejunum function absorption of amino acids, glucose, iron, calcium and vitamins
A, D, E, and K
ileum function absorb vitamin B12
D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
, D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
how is the LES affected in GERD patients? The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) has decreased
muscular tone which allows for regurgitation of stomach
contents into the esophagus. The contents are acidic, which
erodes the esophagus.
Causes of LES dysfunction:
-Alcohol, chocolate, coffee, fatty meals, anticholinergics,
beta-agonists, CCBs, nitrates, progesterone, nicotine, obesity,
and pregnancy.
how does gastroparesis affect GERD? gastroparesis is defined as delayed gastric emptying into the
duodenum.
it causes distention which leads to increased pressure in the
stomach against the LES. this tension causes reflux.
how can GERD progress into a serious As the gastric contents erode the esophagus, the protective
illness? mucosal epithelial layer becomes ulcerated, which can cause
the esophageal epithelial cells to change into stomachlike
columnar epithelium (metaplasia). This is termed Barrett's
esophagus and is a precancerous change of cells.
what determines the seriousness of an blood loss
upper GI bleed?
acute upper GI bleed causes: rupture/tear/perforation in the esophagus or gastric
lining
symptoms: hematemesis, dark coffee ground emesis, melena,
occult blood
complications: hypotension, hypovolemia, and shock
chronic upper GI bleed causes: small tear or opening causes gradual loss of blood
symptoms: fatigue, low Hgb, and low iron
complications: iron deficiency anemia or melena
two causes of peptic ulcer disease (PUD)? H. pylori and NSAID/ASA use
pain occurs 2-3 hours after eating
how does hydrochloric acid (HCI) PUD is a hypersecretion of HCI, ineffective mucus production,
contribute to PUD? and poor cell repair.
erosion in the stomach let's HCI diffuse into the stomach lining
and blood vessels, triggering an inflammatory response. the
stomach releases more mucus and bicarbonate to neutralize
the acid; however, histamine and HCI are continuously
released from parietal cells and destroy the stomach lining.
PUD complications 1. GI hemorrhage
2. Perforation
3. Gastric outlet obstruction
4. Peritonitis
D236 Pathophysiology GI and Renal Final Exam Study Guide
