D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
C
Terms in this set (508)
hydrostatic pressure pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream.
osmotic pressure pressure exerted by the solutes in solution. Most often
electrolytes
Oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably
albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually
tends to pull water into the circulatory system.
Normal albumin levels 3.1-4.3 g/dL
osmolality the concentration of solutes in body fluids
Normal plasma osmolality 282-295 milliOsmoles/kg
*higer the number the more dehydrated
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased
system) blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce
angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II;
angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
& causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction
causes vasoCONSTRICTION (raises BP) and sodium &
water RETENTION to the blood stream and potassium
excretion (urine)
Natriuretic peptides Natriuresis is the excretion of a large amount of sodium
and water.
Three Major peptides:
ANP: produced by the atria
BNP: produced by ventricles
CNP: secreted by endothelial cells
edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
acid H+
base hco3-
blood pH 7.35-7.45
protein buffer system largest buffering system in the body. the amino and carboxyl
groups enable proteins to absorb or donate H+ (acid).
primarily done by hemoglobin.
phosphate buffer system PO4- can take on the acidic form
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the
blood
Lung pH balance responds within minutes- reaches max by 24hrs.
increase ventilation: lowers CO2 raising pH
Decrease ventilation: raises CO2 lowers pH
Normal range of PCO2 is 35-45
Kidney pH balance takes hours to a day to respond.
When pH is too low: the kidneys excrete H+ (urine)
and reabsorb HCO3-
When pH is too high: the kidneys excrete HCO3- (urine)
and reabsorb H+
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
metabolic alkalosis high pH, high HCO3
Respirations decrease
FROM:
Vomitting
metabolic acidosis low pH, low HCO3
Respirations increase
FR
OM:
D
KA
diarrhea
respiratory acidosis low pH, high CO2
Kidneys excrete H+ reabsorb HCO3-
respiratory alkalosis high pH, low CO2
Kidneys excrete HCO3- reabsorb H+
PCO2 normal range 35-45 mmHg
PO2 Normal Range 90-100 mmHg
HCO3 normal range 22-26 mEq/L
SaO2 (Oxygen Saturation) 95-100%
Anion gap Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and
anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of
sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.
Higher pH= higher gap
Sequestered Fluids fluid accumulates in body cavities normally free of fluids
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic too much water in blood stream often cause by cirrhosis,
Hormone (SIADH) polycystic kidney disease, and HTN. causes HYPONATREMIA
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
, D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
Sodium Imbalances: Hyponatremia Sodium level less than 135.
Casues:
Adrenal insufficiencies
diuresis
diuretics
diarrhea
vomiting
sweating
CF
burns
excess water in blood- diluting sodium levels
Symptoms:
thirst
drymouth
hypotenison
tachycardia
high BUN
siesures
coma
Sodium Imbalances: Hypernatremia Sodium level greater than 145
Causes:
medications
Cushing's
diarrhea
excess sodium
hypercalcemia
potassium depletion
Treatment: titration of fluid to decrease risk of coma and death
natremia normal levels 135-145
kalemia normal range 40-60
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
C
Terms in this set (508)
hydrostatic pressure pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream.
osmotic pressure pressure exerted by the solutes in solution. Most often
electrolytes
Oncotic pressure (colloid osmotic pressure) a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably
albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually
tends to pull water into the circulatory system.
Normal albumin levels 3.1-4.3 g/dL
osmolality the concentration of solutes in body fluids
Normal plasma osmolality 282-295 milliOsmoles/kg
*higer the number the more dehydrated
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone Renin is released by kidneys in response to decreased
system) blood volume; causes angiotensinogen to split & produce
angiotensin I; lungs convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II;
angiotensin II stimulates adrenal gland to release aldosterone
& causes an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction
causes vasoCONSTRICTION (raises BP) and sodium &
water RETENTION to the blood stream and potassium
excretion (urine)
Natriuretic peptides Natriuresis is the excretion of a large amount of sodium
and water.
Three Major peptides:
ANP: produced by the atria
BNP: produced by ventricles
CNP: secreted by endothelial cells
edema Abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces of tissues.
acid H+
base hco3-
blood pH 7.35-7.45
protein buffer system largest buffering system in the body. the amino and carboxyl
groups enable proteins to absorb or donate H+ (acid).
primarily done by hemoglobin.
phosphate buffer system PO4- can take on the acidic form
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the
blood
Lung pH balance responds within minutes- reaches max by 24hrs.
increase ventilation: lowers CO2 raising pH
Decrease ventilation: raises CO2 lowers pH
Normal range of PCO2 is 35-45
Kidney pH balance takes hours to a day to respond.
When pH is too low: the kidneys excrete H+ (urine)
and reabsorb HCO3-
When pH is too high: the kidneys excrete HCO3- (urine)
and reabsorb H+
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
,D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
metabolic alkalosis high pH, high HCO3
Respirations decrease
FROM:
Vomitting
metabolic acidosis low pH, low HCO3
Respirations increase
FR
OM:
D
KA
diarrhea
respiratory acidosis low pH, high CO2
Kidneys excrete H+ reabsorb HCO3-
respiratory alkalosis high pH, low CO2
Kidneys excrete HCO3- reabsorb H+
PCO2 normal range 35-45 mmHg
PO2 Normal Range 90-100 mmHg
HCO3 normal range 22-26 mEq/L
SaO2 (Oxygen Saturation) 95-100%
Anion gap Difference between the concentrations of serum cations and
anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of
sodium cations and chloride and bicarbonate anions.
Higher pH= higher gap
Sequestered Fluids fluid accumulates in body cavities normally free of fluids
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic too much water in blood stream often cause by cirrhosis,
Hormone (SIADH) polycystic kidney disease, and HTN. causes HYPONATREMIA
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
, D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
Sodium Imbalances: Hyponatremia Sodium level less than 135.
Casues:
Adrenal insufficiencies
diuresis
diuretics
diarrhea
vomiting
sweating
CF
burns
excess water in blood- diluting sodium levels
Symptoms:
thirst
drymouth
hypotenison
tachycardia
high BUN
siesures
coma
Sodium Imbalances: Hypernatremia Sodium level greater than 145
Causes:
medications
Cushing's
diarrhea
excess sodium
hypercalcemia
potassium depletion
Treatment: titration of fluid to decrease risk of coma and death
natremia normal levels 135-145
kalemia normal range 40-60
D236 Pathophysiology - Final Exam with Complete Solutions
