NSG5140 WEEK 5 MIDTERM EXAM DUE
30TH SEPTEMBER COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS 1- 50 SCREENSHOTS NSG 5140
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NSG5140
ONLINE EXAM REQUIRES RESPONDUS
LOCKDOWN BROWSER + WEBCAM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100%
,1. A pa ent develops cellular swelling a er prolonged ischemia. Which mechanism best
explains this finding?
A. Increased ATP produc on
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Increased oxida ve phosphoryla on
Answer: B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Ra onale: ATP deple on impairs the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, causing intracellular sodium and water
accumula on and resul ng in cellular swelling.
2. Which cellular adapta on occurs when a ssue increases in cell size in response to increased
workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Ra onale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, commonly occurring in skeletal and
cardiac muscle in response to increased workload.
3. A pa ent with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops replacement of normal esophageal
squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium. This process is called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Ra onale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one mature differen ated cell type is
replaced by another be er able to tolerate chronic stress.
4. Which finding most directly indicates irreversible cellular injury?
, A. Cellular swelling
B. Fa y change
C. Ribosomal detachment
D. Severe mitochondrial dysfunc on with inability to restore ATP produc on
Answer: D. Severe mitochondrial dysfunc on with inability to restore ATP produc on
Ra onale: Severe mitochondrial damage and inability to recover ATP produc on are major
indicators of irreversible cellular injury.
5. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for causing vasodila on and increased
vascular permeability during an acute inflammatory response?
A. Histamine
B. Insulin
C. Albumin
D. Erythropoie n
Answer: A. Histamine
Ra onale: Histamine released from mast cells produces vasodila on and increases vascular
permeability, contribu ng to redness, heat, swelling, and fluid movement into ssues.
6. Which leukocyte is typically the predominant cell during the early phase of acute bacterial
inflamma on?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Plasma cell
Answer: B. Neutrophil
Ra onale: Neutrophils are usually the first circula ng leukocytes recruited to sites of acute
inflamma on, par cularly bacterial infec on.
7. A pa ent has persistent inflamma on las ng several months. Which cell type would be
expected to play a major role?
30TH SEPTEMBER COMPLETE ACTUAL EXAM
QUESTIONS 1- 50 SCREENSHOTS NSG 5140
ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NSG5140
ONLINE EXAM REQUIRES RESPONDUS
LOCKDOWN BROWSER + WEBCAM EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100%
,1. A pa ent develops cellular swelling a er prolonged ischemia. Which mechanism best
explains this finding?
A. Increased ATP produc on
B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Increased oxida ve phosphoryla on
Answer: B. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump
Ra onale: ATP deple on impairs the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, causing intracellular sodium and water
accumula on and resul ng in cellular swelling.
2. Which cellular adapta on occurs when a ssue increases in cell size in response to increased
workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Answer: C. Hypertrophy
Ra onale: Hypertrophy is an increase in individual cell size, commonly occurring in skeletal and
cardiac muscle in response to increased workload.
3. A pa ent with chronic gastroesophageal reflux develops replacement of normal esophageal
squamous epithelium with columnar epithelium. This process is called:
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D. Hypertrophy
Answer: B. Metaplasia
Ra onale: Metaplasia is a reversible change in which one mature differen ated cell type is
replaced by another be er able to tolerate chronic stress.
4. Which finding most directly indicates irreversible cellular injury?
, A. Cellular swelling
B. Fa y change
C. Ribosomal detachment
D. Severe mitochondrial dysfunc on with inability to restore ATP produc on
Answer: D. Severe mitochondrial dysfunc on with inability to restore ATP produc on
Ra onale: Severe mitochondrial damage and inability to recover ATP produc on are major
indicators of irreversible cellular injury.
5. Which inflammatory mediator is primarily responsible for causing vasodila on and increased
vascular permeability during an acute inflammatory response?
A. Histamine
B. Insulin
C. Albumin
D. Erythropoie n
Answer: A. Histamine
Ra onale: Histamine released from mast cells produces vasodila on and increases vascular
permeability, contribu ng to redness, heat, swelling, and fluid movement into ssues.
6. Which leukocyte is typically the predominant cell during the early phase of acute bacterial
inflamma on?
A. Lymphocyte
B. Neutrophil
C. Eosinophil
D. Plasma cell
Answer: B. Neutrophil
Ra onale: Neutrophils are usually the first circula ng leukocytes recruited to sites of acute
inflamma on, par cularly bacterial infec on.
7. A pa ent has persistent inflamma on las ng several months. Which cell type would be
expected to play a major role?
