PORTAGE LEARNING BIOD 152: A&P II FINAL
EXAM 150 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS & DETAILED RATIONALES | 2026/2027
EDITION
Core Domains
• Nervous System: Neurons, Action Potentials, CNS/PNS, Cranial Nerves,
Spinal Nerves, Reflexes, Brain Anatomy
• Special Senses: Eye Anatomy, Ear Anatomy, Hearing & Balance, Vision,
Gustation, Olfaction
• Cardiovascular System: Heart Anatomy, Cardiac Cycle, EKG, Blood
Vessels, Blood Pressure, Conduction System
• Lymphatic & Immune Systems: Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Immunity,
Blood Cells
• Respiratory System: Anatomy, Gas Exchange, Ventilation, Acid-Base
Balance, Surfactant
• Digestive System: Anatomy, Physiology, Nutrient Absorption, Metabolism,
Bile
• Urinary System: Kidney Anatomy, Nephron Function, Urine Formation,
Fluid/Electrolyte Balance
• Reproductive System: Male & Female Anatomy, Hormonal Regulation,
Reproductive Cycles
This comprehensive examination guide is designed for students preparing for the
BIOD 152 Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam at Portage Learning for the
2026/2027 academic year. The exam covers the structure and function of major
body systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive,
urinary, and reproductive systems . This resource features 150 practice questions
with verified answers and detailed rationales, aligned with the Portage Learning
curriculum to ensure exam success [citation:3,4].
,SECTION 1: NERVOUS SYSTEM (Questions 1-40)
Question 1
Which of the following is the functional unit of the nervous system?
A. Astrocyte
B. Neuron
C. Oligodendrocyte
D. Microglia
Correct answer: B
RATIONALE: The neuron is the functional unit responsible for transmitting
electrical and chemical signals. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are
neuroglial cells (glial cells) that provide support, insulation, and protection for
neurons but do not transmit signals .
Question 2
Which type of neuroglia produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Astrocytes
C. Schwann cells
D. Satellite cells
Correct answer: C
RATIONALE: Schwann cells produce myelin in the PNS. Oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Astrocytes maintain the
blood-brain barrier, and satellite cells support neuron cell bodies in ganglia .
Question 3
The neuron pictured below is best described as:
,A. Multipolar
B. Bipolar
C. Unipolar
D. Pseudounipolar
Correct answer: A (multipolar) or B (bipolar - depending on diagram)
RATIONALE: Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and one axon and
are the most common type in the CNS [citation:1,2]. Bipolar neurons have a
central cell body with two extensions and are found in sensory pathways such as
the retina and olfactory mucosa. Unipolar neurons have a single process that splits
into two branches .
Question 4
True or False: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
Correct answer: True
RATIONALE: Neurons are separated by a synaptic cleft, a small gap through
which neurotransmitters pass to transmit signals chemically rather than through
direct physical contact .
Question 5
List the phases of an action potential in order.
Correct answer: 1. Resting potential, 2. Depolarization, 3. Repolarization, 4.
Resting condition
RATIONALE: The action potential begins with the resting membrane potential
(-70mV), followed by depolarization (sodium influx, rising to +40mV),
repolarization (potassium efflux), and return to resting condition [citation:7,2].
Question 6
, Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane during the
depolarization phase of the action potential. Include the charge of the membrane
during this phase.
Correct answer: Depolarization: Sodium gates open allowing sodium ions
(Na⁺) to rush into the neuron. The membrane potential rapidly rises from the
resting state (-70mV) up past zero to approximately +40mV. This phase initiates
the action potential as the inside of the membrane becomes positively charged
compared to the outside.
RATIONALE: Depolarization is key to the generation of an action potential;
sodium influx reverses the polarization of the membrane [citation:4,6].
Question 7
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.
A. Axon
B. Dendrites
C. Synaptic terminals
D. Myelin sheath
Correct answer: B
RATIONALE: Dendrites receive electrical signals from other neurons and
conduct these impulses toward the neuron's cell body .
Question 8
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. Central nervous system only
B. Peripheral nervous system only
C. Central nervous system and autonomic nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
Correct answer: D
EXAM 150 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS & DETAILED RATIONALES | 2026/2027
EDITION
Core Domains
• Nervous System: Neurons, Action Potentials, CNS/PNS, Cranial Nerves,
Spinal Nerves, Reflexes, Brain Anatomy
• Special Senses: Eye Anatomy, Ear Anatomy, Hearing & Balance, Vision,
Gustation, Olfaction
• Cardiovascular System: Heart Anatomy, Cardiac Cycle, EKG, Blood
Vessels, Blood Pressure, Conduction System
• Lymphatic & Immune Systems: Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Immunity,
Blood Cells
• Respiratory System: Anatomy, Gas Exchange, Ventilation, Acid-Base
Balance, Surfactant
• Digestive System: Anatomy, Physiology, Nutrient Absorption, Metabolism,
Bile
• Urinary System: Kidney Anatomy, Nephron Function, Urine Formation,
Fluid/Electrolyte Balance
• Reproductive System: Male & Female Anatomy, Hormonal Regulation,
Reproductive Cycles
This comprehensive examination guide is designed for students preparing for the
BIOD 152 Anatomy & Physiology II Final Exam at Portage Learning for the
2026/2027 academic year. The exam covers the structure and function of major
body systems including the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive,
urinary, and reproductive systems . This resource features 150 practice questions
with verified answers and detailed rationales, aligned with the Portage Learning
curriculum to ensure exam success [citation:3,4].
,SECTION 1: NERVOUS SYSTEM (Questions 1-40)
Question 1
Which of the following is the functional unit of the nervous system?
A. Astrocyte
B. Neuron
C. Oligodendrocyte
D. Microglia
Correct answer: B
RATIONALE: The neuron is the functional unit responsible for transmitting
electrical and chemical signals. Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia are
neuroglial cells (glial cells) that provide support, insulation, and protection for
neurons but do not transmit signals .
Question 2
Which type of neuroglia produces the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)?
A. Oligodendrocytes
B. Astrocytes
C. Schwann cells
D. Satellite cells
Correct answer: C
RATIONALE: Schwann cells produce myelin in the PNS. Oligodendrocytes
produce myelin in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Astrocytes maintain the
blood-brain barrier, and satellite cells support neuron cell bodies in ganglia .
Question 3
The neuron pictured below is best described as:
,A. Multipolar
B. Bipolar
C. Unipolar
D. Pseudounipolar
Correct answer: A (multipolar) or B (bipolar - depending on diagram)
RATIONALE: Multipolar neurons have multiple dendrites and one axon and
are the most common type in the CNS [citation:1,2]. Bipolar neurons have a
central cell body with two extensions and are found in sensory pathways such as
the retina and olfactory mucosa. Unipolar neurons have a single process that splits
into two branches .
Question 4
True or False: Neurons do not physically touch one another.
Correct answer: True
RATIONALE: Neurons are separated by a synaptic cleft, a small gap through
which neurotransmitters pass to transmit signals chemically rather than through
direct physical contact .
Question 5
List the phases of an action potential in order.
Correct answer: 1. Resting potential, 2. Depolarization, 3. Repolarization, 4.
Resting condition
RATIONALE: The action potential begins with the resting membrane potential
(-70mV), followed by depolarization (sodium influx, rising to +40mV),
repolarization (potassium efflux), and return to resting condition [citation:7,2].
Question 6
, Name and describe what is occurring in the neuron cell membrane during the
depolarization phase of the action potential. Include the charge of the membrane
during this phase.
Correct answer: Depolarization: Sodium gates open allowing sodium ions
(Na⁺) to rush into the neuron. The membrane potential rapidly rises from the
resting state (-70mV) up past zero to approximately +40mV. This phase initiates
the action potential as the inside of the membrane becomes positively charged
compared to the outside.
RATIONALE: Depolarization is key to the generation of an action potential;
sodium influx reverses the polarization of the membrane [citation:4,6].
Question 7
This part of a neuron conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body.
A. Axon
B. Dendrites
C. Synaptic terminals
D. Myelin sheath
Correct answer: B
RATIONALE: Dendrites receive electrical signals from other neurons and
conduct these impulses toward the neuron's cell body .
Question 8
A neuron going to the bicep of the forearm is part of the:
A. Central nervous system only
B. Peripheral nervous system only
C. Central nervous system and autonomic nervous system
D. Somatic nervous system
Correct answer: D
