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Unit 2 - Chapter 41
Glucose Regulation Terms
Glycolysis (break apart glucose): Process whereby glucose is oxidized by the cell to
make energy
Glycogen: stored form of glucose
Glycogenesis (making of glycogen): production of glycogen in the muscle and liver
Glycogenolysis (break apart glycogen): breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the
muscle and liver
Gluconeogenesis: Creation of glucose using amino acids and other substances
Lipolysis: breakdown of fat into free fatty acids; stimulated by decreasing insulin
levels
Hormones with a Role in Glucose Regulation
Insulin
Produced by the pancreatic B-cells in the islets of Langerhans
Released in response to the presence of glucose
Binds to receptors on the cell to trigger glucose uptake by the cell
Prevents muscle and fat breakdown
Inhibits the liver from producing glucose
Amylin
Causes the brain to inhibit gastric emptying and make patient feel full (satiety)
Also suppresses glucagon release
This prevents major spikes on blood glucose after meals (post-prandial)
Glucagon
Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas
Released in response to low blood glucose levels
Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Corticosteroids
Stimulate gluconeogenesis
Growth Hormone
Increases cells resistance to insulin
Prevents insulin from suppressing glucose production by the liver
Catecholamines
Stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
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Fasting vs Fed States
Fed state: Body utilizes (glycolysis) and stores (glycogenesis) glucose from ingested
food
Patient eats glucose enters the blood stream insulin and amylin released
cells take in glucose glycolysis occurs energy produced OR glucose is stored
in liver and muscles as glycogen (glycogenesis)
Fasting state: Body utilized stored nutrients (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,
lipolysis).
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis occur.
Insulin decreases triggering lipolysis.
Neural Regulation
Directly involved with carbohydrate metabolism and glucose utilization
Food hits mouth parasympathetic NS stimulate B-cells insulin released
No food hypoglycemia sympathetic NS stimulates alpha cells glucagon
release
Exercise Effects
Initial Exercise increased energy demand insulin levels drop; glucagon &
catecholamines released Lipolysis & glycogenolysis occur
After 10-40 minutes of exercise, muscles are using both free fatty acids and
glucose for energy
If insulin levels drop during exercise, how does blood glucose remain stable?
Because cell sensitivity to insulin also increases during exercise.
Stress Effects (Stress hyperglycemia)
Stressful event corticosteroids (cortisol) released stimulates gluconeogenesis
and glucagon release and decreases muscle utilization of glucose blood glucose
increases
Stressful event catecholamines released stimulates glucagon release
stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and decreases muscle and fat
utilization of glucose blood glucose increases
Prediabetes
The state prior to diabetes where daily glucose levels are slowing becoming higher.
Diagnostics:
o Fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
o Glucose tolerance test: 140-199 mg/dL
o HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C): 5.7-6.4%
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Unit 2 - Chapter 41
Glucose Regulation Terms
Glycolysis (break apart glucose): Process whereby glucose is oxidized by the cell to
make energy
Glycogen: stored form of glucose
Glycogenesis (making of glycogen): production of glycogen in the muscle and liver
Glycogenolysis (break apart glycogen): breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the
muscle and liver
Gluconeogenesis: Creation of glucose using amino acids and other substances
Lipolysis: breakdown of fat into free fatty acids; stimulated by decreasing insulin
levels
Hormones with a Role in Glucose Regulation
Insulin
Produced by the pancreatic B-cells in the islets of Langerhans
Released in response to the presence of glucose
Binds to receptors on the cell to trigger glucose uptake by the cell
Prevents muscle and fat breakdown
Inhibits the liver from producing glucose
Amylin
Causes the brain to inhibit gastric emptying and make patient feel full (satiety)
Also suppresses glucagon release
This prevents major spikes on blood glucose after meals (post-prandial)
Glucagon
Produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas
Released in response to low blood glucose levels
Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Corticosteroids
Stimulate gluconeogenesis
Growth Hormone
Increases cells resistance to insulin
Prevents insulin from suppressing glucose production by the liver
Catecholamines
Stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
This study source was downloaded by 884789 from cliffsnotes.com on 04-04-2025 16:41:54 GMT -05:00
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Fasting vs Fed States
Fed state: Body utilizes (glycolysis) and stores (glycogenesis) glucose from ingested
food
Patient eats glucose enters the blood stream insulin and amylin released
cells take in glucose glycolysis occurs energy produced OR glucose is stored
in liver and muscles as glycogen (glycogenesis)
Fasting state: Body utilized stored nutrients (glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis,
lipolysis).
Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis occur.
Insulin decreases triggering lipolysis.
Neural Regulation
Directly involved with carbohydrate metabolism and glucose utilization
Food hits mouth parasympathetic NS stimulate B-cells insulin released
No food hypoglycemia sympathetic NS stimulates alpha cells glucagon
release
Exercise Effects
Initial Exercise increased energy demand insulin levels drop; glucagon &
catecholamines released Lipolysis & glycogenolysis occur
After 10-40 minutes of exercise, muscles are using both free fatty acids and
glucose for energy
If insulin levels drop during exercise, how does blood glucose remain stable?
Because cell sensitivity to insulin also increases during exercise.
Stress Effects (Stress hyperglycemia)
Stressful event corticosteroids (cortisol) released stimulates gluconeogenesis
and glucagon release and decreases muscle utilization of glucose blood glucose
increases
Stressful event catecholamines released stimulates glucagon release
stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and decreases muscle and fat
utilization of glucose blood glucose increases
Prediabetes
The state prior to diabetes where daily glucose levels are slowing becoming higher.
Diagnostics:
o Fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
o Glucose tolerance test: 140-199 mg/dL
o HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C): 5.7-6.4%
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