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Health Promotion and Disease 2
Prevention
Select Topics in Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Primary prevention measures include activities provided to individuals to prevent the onset or
acquisition of a given disease. The goal of primary prevention measures is to spare
individuals the suffering, burden, and cost associated with the clinical condition: primary
prevention is the first level of health care. An example is health-protecting education and
counseling, such as encouraging the use of car restraints and bicycle helmets, counseling
about safer sexual practices, and providing information on accident and fall prevention.
Given its focus on preventing illness or injury, primary prevention is usually viewed as the
most effective form of health care.
Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis are also examples of primary prevention measures.
Active immunization through the use of vaccines provides long-term protection from disease.
In herd or community immunity, a significant portion of a given population has immunity
against an infectious agent; the likelihood that the susceptible portion of the group would
become infected is minimized (Fig. 2-1). Passive immunity is provided when a person
receives select antibodies, usually via the administration of immune globulin (IG), after
exposure to an infective agent. This immunity is temporary and requires the patient to present
after exposure; the protection provided by IG usually starts within hours of receiving the
doses and lasts a number of months. The use of vaccines to produce lasting disease protection
is preferred to passive immunization through the use of IG. Another example of passive
immunity is the acquisition of disease protection provided from the mother to the unborn
child via the placenta.
Copyright © 2020. F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.
Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention measures include activities provided to identify and treat
asymptomatic persons who have risk factors for a given disease or in preclinical disease.
Other examples of secondary prevention activities include screening for clinical conditions
with a protracted asymptomatic period, such as a blood pressure measurement to detect
hypertension and a lipid profile to detect hyperlipidemia (Table 2-1).
Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
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CLINICAL CONCEPT
Examples of secondary prevention include screening examinations for
preclinical evidence of cancer, such as mammography, colonoscopy, and
cervical examination with a Pap test.
Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary prevention measures are part of the management of an established disease. The goal
of tertiary prevention is to minimize disease-associated complications and the negative health
effects of the established clinical conditions. Examples include medications and lifestyle
modification to normalize blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus and in
conjunction with the treatment of heart failure, aimed at improving or minimizing disease-
related symptoms.
Discussion Sources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/pictureofamerica/pdfs/picture_of_america_prevention.pdf
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Community immunity. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-
we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-allergy-infectious-diseases-niaid
Copyright © 2020. F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.
Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
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Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
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FIGURE 2-1 Preventive services recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF).
http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-
recommendations/guide/sectionlhtml
TABLE 2-1 Secondary Prevention Principles
Copyright © 2020. F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.
PRINCIPLE COMMENT
Prevalence is sufficient to justify screening. Routine mammography is appropriate in women but
not men.
Health problem has significant effect on quality or Target diseases for secondary prevention include
quantity of life. hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
dyslipidemia, and certain cancers.
The target disease has a long asymptomatic period. Treatment is available for the target disease.
The natural history of the disease, or how the Providing treatment alters the disease’s natural
disease unfolds without intervention, is known. history.
Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
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Health Promotion and Disease 2
Prevention
Select Topics in Health Promotion and Disease
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Primary prevention measures include activities provided to individuals to prevent the onset or
acquisition of a given disease. The goal of primary prevention measures is to spare
individuals the suffering, burden, and cost associated with the clinical condition: primary
prevention is the first level of health care. An example is health-protecting education and
counseling, such as encouraging the use of car restraints and bicycle helmets, counseling
about safer sexual practices, and providing information on accident and fall prevention.
Given its focus on preventing illness or injury, primary prevention is usually viewed as the
most effective form of health care.
Immunizations and chemoprophylaxis are also examples of primary prevention measures.
Active immunization through the use of vaccines provides long-term protection from disease.
In herd or community immunity, a significant portion of a given population has immunity
against an infectious agent; the likelihood that the susceptible portion of the group would
become infected is minimized (Fig. 2-1). Passive immunity is provided when a person
receives select antibodies, usually via the administration of immune globulin (IG), after
exposure to an infective agent. This immunity is temporary and requires the patient to present
after exposure; the protection provided by IG usually starts within hours of receiving the
doses and lasts a number of months. The use of vaccines to produce lasting disease protection
is preferred to passive immunization through the use of IG. Another example of passive
immunity is the acquisition of disease protection provided from the mother to the unborn
child via the placenta.
Copyright © 2020. F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.
Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention measures include activities provided to identify and treat
asymptomatic persons who have risk factors for a given disease or in preclinical disease.
Other examples of secondary prevention activities include screening for clinical conditions
with a protracted asymptomatic period, such as a blood pressure measurement to detect
hypertension and a lipid profile to detect hyperlipidemia (Table 2-1).
Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
Created from chamberlain-ebooks on 2024-10-04 17:13:22.
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CLINICAL CONCEPT
Examples of secondary prevention include screening examinations for
preclinical evidence of cancer, such as mammography, colonoscopy, and
cervical examination with a Pap test.
Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary prevention measures are part of the management of an established disease. The goal
of tertiary prevention is to minimize disease-associated complications and the negative health
effects of the established clinical conditions. Examples include medications and lifestyle
modification to normalize blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus and in
conjunction with the treatment of heart failure, aimed at improving or minimizing disease-
related symptoms.
Discussion Sources
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention.
https://www.cdc.gov/pictureofamerica/pdfs/picture_of_america_prevention.pdf
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Community immunity. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-
we-do/nih-almanac/national-institute-allergy-infectious-diseases-niaid
Copyright © 2020. F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.
Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
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Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
Created from chamberlain-ebooks on 2024-10-04 17:13:22.
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FIGURE 2-1 Preventive services recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
(USPSTF).
http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-
recommendations/guide/sectionlhtml
TABLE 2-1 Secondary Prevention Principles
Copyright © 2020. F. A. Davis Company. All rights reserved.
PRINCIPLE COMMENT
Prevalence is sufficient to justify screening. Routine mammography is appropriate in women but
not men.
Health problem has significant effect on quality or Target diseases for secondary prevention include
quantity of life. hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus,
dyslipidemia, and certain cancers.
The target disease has a long asymptomatic period. Treatment is available for the target disease.
The natural history of the disease, or how the Providing treatment alters the disease’s natural
disease unfolds without intervention, is known. history.
Fitzgerald, Margaret A.. Nurse Practitioner Certification Exam Prep, F. A. Davis Company, 2020. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/chamberlain-ebooks/detail.action?docID=7153742.
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