Nur 265 – Diabetes Endocrine Test 2 exam
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hyperglycemia - correct answers ✔✔The main ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
feature for all types of diabetes ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Alcohol intake can cause this
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Causes an hyperosmolar state
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Can lead to metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia if
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
untreated
• Priority: Hypoglycemia>Hyperglycemia
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Diabetes - correct answers ✔✔Chronic ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypergylcemia. Results from problems with insulin ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
secretion, insulin action or both. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Type 1: Production of little or no insulin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Type 2: Decrease production or utilization.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Increased insulin resistance ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,• Gestational - Placenta hormones require an
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increase in insulin production that is 3 times normal.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Cannot be given oral antidiabetics because they cross
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the placenta. High risk of developing diabetes after
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pregnancy.
• Secondary - Genetic syndromes, surgery, infections,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
illnesses, stress, medications that produce
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hyperglycemic states (corticosteroids, thiazides) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Counter Regulatory Hormones - correct answers
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
✔✔Raise glucose levels in the blood ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Glucagon (main)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Epinephrine
||\\||\\
• Norepinephrine
||\\||\\
• Cortisol ||\\||\\
• Growth Hormone
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,Insulin - correct answers ✔✔Facilitates the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
movement of glucose across cell membranes into ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cells, decreasing blood glucose levels ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Prevents the excessive breakdown of glycogen in
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the liver and in muscle||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Facilitates lipids formation while inhibiting the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
breakdown of stored fats and helps move amino ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acids into cells for protein synthesis ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Causes glucose in excess amounts used by cells to
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
be stored in fat cells preventing glucose from
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
accumulating in the blood ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Diabetes Type 1 - correct answers ✔✔An ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
autoimmune disorder in which beta cellls are ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
destroyed. Immune system fails to recognize normal ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
body cells as self and attacks them ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Fat breakdown results in ketone bodies, metabolic
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acidosis, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Must take insulin injections to stay alive
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, • S&S: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
n&v
• Also called Juvenile onset, Ketosis prone, or Insulin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Diabetes Type 1 - Facts - correct answers ✔✔• ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Conversion of fatty acids to ketone bodies (small ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acids) collect in the blood and cause metabolic
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acidosis
• Dehydration leads to hemoconcentration,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hyperviscocity, hypoperfusion, and hypoxia ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Age at onset is usually less than 30 years
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Symptoms - abrupt onset, weight loss, thirst
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Etiology - viral infection*
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Patho - pancreatic beta cell destruction
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Inheritance - recessive
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Nutritional Status - usually non-obese
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
with correct answers ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Hyperglycemia - correct answers ✔✔The main ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
feature for all types of diabetes ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Alcohol intake can cause this
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Causes an hyperosmolar state
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Can lead to metabolic acidosis and hyperkalemia if
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
untreated
• Priority: Hypoglycemia>Hyperglycemia
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Diabetes - correct answers ✔✔Chronic ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypergylcemia. Results from problems with insulin ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
secretion, insulin action or both. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Type 1: Production of little or no insulin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Type 2: Decrease production or utilization.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Increased insulin resistance ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,• Gestational - Placenta hormones require an
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increase in insulin production that is 3 times normal.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Cannot be given oral antidiabetics because they cross
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the placenta. High risk of developing diabetes after
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pregnancy.
• Secondary - Genetic syndromes, surgery, infections,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
illnesses, stress, medications that produce
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hyperglycemic states (corticosteroids, thiazides) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Counter Regulatory Hormones - correct answers
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
✔✔Raise glucose levels in the blood ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Glucagon (main)
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Epinephrine
||\\||\\
• Norepinephrine
||\\||\\
• Cortisol ||\\||\\
• Growth Hormone
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
,Insulin - correct answers ✔✔Facilitates the ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
movement of glucose across cell membranes into ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cells, decreasing blood glucose levels ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Prevents the excessive breakdown of glycogen in
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
the liver and in muscle||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Facilitates lipids formation while inhibiting the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
breakdown of stored fats and helps move amino ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acids into cells for protein synthesis ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Causes glucose in excess amounts used by cells to
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
be stored in fat cells preventing glucose from
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
accumulating in the blood ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Diabetes Type 1 - correct answers ✔✔An ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
autoimmune disorder in which beta cellls are ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
destroyed. Immune system fails to recognize normal ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
body cells as self and attacks them ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Fat breakdown results in ketone bodies, metabolic
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acidosis, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Must take insulin injections to stay alive
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, • S&S: polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
n&v
• Also called Juvenile onset, Ketosis prone, or Insulin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Diabetes Type 1 - Facts - correct answers ✔✔• ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Conversion of fatty acids to ketone bodies (small ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acids) collect in the blood and cause metabolic
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
acidosis
• Dehydration leads to hemoconcentration,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hyperviscocity, hypoperfusion, and hypoxia ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Age at onset is usually less than 30 years
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Symptoms - abrupt onset, weight loss, thirst
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Etiology - viral infection*
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Patho - pancreatic beta cell destruction
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Inheritance - recessive
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
• Nutritional Status - usually non-obese
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
