GMS 6401 CORRECT SET ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔Approximately how much Calcium is found in the plasma of the body? - ✔✔~10
mg/dL
✔✔Approximately how much Phosphate is found in the plasma of the body? - ✔✔~4
mg/dL
✔✔What is the function of calcitrol? - ✔✔Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption
from ingested material in the small intestine
✔✔Ca++ reabsorption in the proximal tubule is driven by... - ✔✔Na+ reabsorption
✔✔Ca++ reabsorption in the TALH is drive by... - ✔✔(1) Positive transepithelial
potential difference
(2) K+ reabsorption/secretion via NKCC2
✔✔Ca++ reabsorption in driven by... - ✔✔Luminal Ca++ channels
✔✔What treatment would you suggest for hypercalcemia? - ✔✔Furosemide (lasix)
✔✔Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has what effect on Ca++ reabsorption? - ✔✔Increase
Ca++ in the TALH & Distal Tubule
✔✔Calcitonin - ✔✔Lowers blood calcium levels by promoting bone formation
✔✔Parathyroid hormone has what effect on phosphate reabsorption? - ✔✔Reduces
phosphate reabsorption ; Increases phosphate excretion (Phospouria)
✔✔Which has a higher concentration in the cytoplasm than extra cellular fluid
respectively, Na+ or K+? - ✔✔K+
, ✔✔What 3 hormones are involved in regulating sodium and water balance at the level
of the kidney? - ✔✔(1) Aldosterone
(2) Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
(3) Angiotensin II (ANGII)
✔✔What is the approximate value of Plasma K+? - ✔✔~4 meq/L
✔✔High extracellular K+ is treated by what 3 things? - ✔✔(1) Insulin
(2) β adrenergic agonists
(3) Aldosterone
✔✔What effect does aldosterone have on extracellular K+? - ✔✔It causes K+ to move
into the cells and preserves K+ distribution across the cell membrane
✔✔Stimulation of α-adrenergic stimulation promotes what type of K+ movement? -
✔✔K+ movement out of the cell
✔✔An increase in pH of the extracellular fluid leads to what type of K+ movement? -
✔✔K+ move into the cells
✔✔Filtered K+ is reabsorbed mainly in what two parts of the nephron? - ✔✔(1) Proximal
Tubule
(2) Thick Ascending Limb
✔✔K+ is secreted into which part of the nephron? Through what type of cells? -
✔✔Distal Nephron; Principle Cells
✔✔Hyperaldosteronism causes _____________ because the kidney does not "escape"
from the K+ secreting actions of high aldosterone - ✔✔Hypokalemia
✔✔Increasing K+ movement from the cell to the lumen can be done in what 3 ways? -
✔✔(1) Increase luminal membrane permeability
(2) Increase luminal negativity
(3) Decreased lumen K+ concentration
✔✔Aldosterone promotes K+ entry into cells via stimulation of ____________. It also
increases lumen negativity via stimulation of __________. - ✔✔Na+/K+ ATPase ; ENaC
✔✔H2O output is determined by what 2 things? - ✔✔(1) Insensible losses
(2) Renal Excretion
✔✔What are some examples of insensible H2O losses? - ✔✔Respiration
Evaporative loss through skin
SET A+
✔✔Approximately how much Calcium is found in the plasma of the body? - ✔✔~10
mg/dL
✔✔Approximately how much Phosphate is found in the plasma of the body? - ✔✔~4
mg/dL
✔✔What is the function of calcitrol? - ✔✔Promotes calcium and phosphorus absorption
from ingested material in the small intestine
✔✔Ca++ reabsorption in the proximal tubule is driven by... - ✔✔Na+ reabsorption
✔✔Ca++ reabsorption in the TALH is drive by... - ✔✔(1) Positive transepithelial
potential difference
(2) K+ reabsorption/secretion via NKCC2
✔✔Ca++ reabsorption in driven by... - ✔✔Luminal Ca++ channels
✔✔What treatment would you suggest for hypercalcemia? - ✔✔Furosemide (lasix)
✔✔Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has what effect on Ca++ reabsorption? - ✔✔Increase
Ca++ in the TALH & Distal Tubule
✔✔Calcitonin - ✔✔Lowers blood calcium levels by promoting bone formation
✔✔Parathyroid hormone has what effect on phosphate reabsorption? - ✔✔Reduces
phosphate reabsorption ; Increases phosphate excretion (Phospouria)
✔✔Which has a higher concentration in the cytoplasm than extra cellular fluid
respectively, Na+ or K+? - ✔✔K+
, ✔✔What 3 hormones are involved in regulating sodium and water balance at the level
of the kidney? - ✔✔(1) Aldosterone
(2) Anti-diuretic Hormone (ADH)
(3) Angiotensin II (ANGII)
✔✔What is the approximate value of Plasma K+? - ✔✔~4 meq/L
✔✔High extracellular K+ is treated by what 3 things? - ✔✔(1) Insulin
(2) β adrenergic agonists
(3) Aldosterone
✔✔What effect does aldosterone have on extracellular K+? - ✔✔It causes K+ to move
into the cells and preserves K+ distribution across the cell membrane
✔✔Stimulation of α-adrenergic stimulation promotes what type of K+ movement? -
✔✔K+ movement out of the cell
✔✔An increase in pH of the extracellular fluid leads to what type of K+ movement? -
✔✔K+ move into the cells
✔✔Filtered K+ is reabsorbed mainly in what two parts of the nephron? - ✔✔(1) Proximal
Tubule
(2) Thick Ascending Limb
✔✔K+ is secreted into which part of the nephron? Through what type of cells? -
✔✔Distal Nephron; Principle Cells
✔✔Hyperaldosteronism causes _____________ because the kidney does not "escape"
from the K+ secreting actions of high aldosterone - ✔✔Hypokalemia
✔✔Increasing K+ movement from the cell to the lumen can be done in what 3 ways? -
✔✔(1) Increase luminal membrane permeability
(2) Increase luminal negativity
(3) Decreased lumen K+ concentration
✔✔Aldosterone promotes K+ entry into cells via stimulation of ____________. It also
increases lumen negativity via stimulation of __________. - ✔✔Na+/K+ ATPase ; ENaC
✔✔H2O output is determined by what 2 things? - ✔✔(1) Insensible losses
(2) Renal Excretion
✔✔What are some examples of insensible H2O losses? - ✔✔Respiration
Evaporative loss through skin
