GMS 6401 ACTUAL TEST PAPER ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What causes sympathetic stimulation in the kidneys? - ✔✔Physical & Mental Stress
Upright Posture
Volume Depletion
Excercise
✔✔Plasma Angiotensin II levels increase as... - ✔✔Blood volume decreases
✔✔Plasma Angiotensin II promotes _____ retention - ✔✔Na+
✔✔The presence of Plasma Angiotensin II causes ________ of the afferent and
efferent arterioles. - ✔✔Vasoconstriction
✔✔What are the two actions of nitric oxide? - ✔✔(1) Vasodilation
(2) Increase Na+ EXCRETION
✔✔What happens to the rate of release of NO as blood flow increases? - ✔✔Release
rate is increased
✔✔Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts as a vasodilator and increases... - ✔✔(1)
Plasma flow
(2)Pgc
(3) GFR
✔✔Vasodilators typically have what effects on Na+ in the body? - ✔✔Typically inhibit
Na+ reabsorption & increase Na+ excretion
✔✔What effect would blood volume depletion have on GFR? - ✔✔decrease GFR
✔✔Volume expansion leads to the increase in circulation of... - ✔✔Nitric Oxide
ANPs
, ✔✔Renal perfusion is typically around _________ % of the cardiac output. - ✔✔~20-
25%
✔✔Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is the... - ✔✔Abrupt loss in kidney function due to
compromised renal hemodynamics.
✔✔What can lead to acute kidney injury? - ✔✔Systemic hypotension
Intense renal vasoconstriction
✔✔What are the primary causes of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? - ✔✔(1) Diabetes
(2) Hypertension
(3) Immune disease
(4) Autoimmune disease
✔✔Consider that an individual has the following lab results:
P(PAH) = 5 mg/100 mL
U(PAH) = 14.6 mg/ mL
V = 2.4 mL/min
PAH Extraction Ratio = 0.9
Hematocrit = 0.55
What is the ERPF? What is the true RBF? - ✔✔ERPF = 700.8 mL/min
True RBF = 1730.2 mL/min
✔✔How does osmolarity of tubular fluid in Bowman's capsule compare with the
osmolarity of tubular fluid at the beginning of the descending loop of Henle? - ✔✔There
is no change in osmolarity at these two points.
✔✔Where is most of the filtered Na+ reabsorbed in the nephron? Approximately how
much Na+ (%) is reabsorbed at that point? - ✔✔Proximal Tubule
65-70% of filtered Na+
✔✔Na+ reabsorption is stimulated by what two things? - ✔✔(1) α-adrenergic nerves
(2) ANGII
✔✔Na+ reabsorption is inhibited by what two things? - ✔✔(1) ANPs
(2) NO
✔✔Early proximal reabsorption of Na+ is done via... - ✔✔Na+/H+ Exchange
Coupled Transport (with glucose, amino acids, PO4, lactate, etc.)
✔✔Late proximal reabsorption involves Anion/Cl- exchange. What anions does that
typically include? - ✔✔Formate
Oxalate
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔What causes sympathetic stimulation in the kidneys? - ✔✔Physical & Mental Stress
Upright Posture
Volume Depletion
Excercise
✔✔Plasma Angiotensin II levels increase as... - ✔✔Blood volume decreases
✔✔Plasma Angiotensin II promotes _____ retention - ✔✔Na+
✔✔The presence of Plasma Angiotensin II causes ________ of the afferent and
efferent arterioles. - ✔✔Vasoconstriction
✔✔What are the two actions of nitric oxide? - ✔✔(1) Vasodilation
(2) Increase Na+ EXCRETION
✔✔What happens to the rate of release of NO as blood flow increases? - ✔✔Release
rate is increased
✔✔Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts as a vasodilator and increases... - ✔✔(1)
Plasma flow
(2)Pgc
(3) GFR
✔✔Vasodilators typically have what effects on Na+ in the body? - ✔✔Typically inhibit
Na+ reabsorption & increase Na+ excretion
✔✔What effect would blood volume depletion have on GFR? - ✔✔decrease GFR
✔✔Volume expansion leads to the increase in circulation of... - ✔✔Nitric Oxide
ANPs
, ✔✔Renal perfusion is typically around _________ % of the cardiac output. - ✔✔~20-
25%
✔✔Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is the... - ✔✔Abrupt loss in kidney function due to
compromised renal hemodynamics.
✔✔What can lead to acute kidney injury? - ✔✔Systemic hypotension
Intense renal vasoconstriction
✔✔What are the primary causes of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)? - ✔✔(1) Diabetes
(2) Hypertension
(3) Immune disease
(4) Autoimmune disease
✔✔Consider that an individual has the following lab results:
P(PAH) = 5 mg/100 mL
U(PAH) = 14.6 mg/ mL
V = 2.4 mL/min
PAH Extraction Ratio = 0.9
Hematocrit = 0.55
What is the ERPF? What is the true RBF? - ✔✔ERPF = 700.8 mL/min
True RBF = 1730.2 mL/min
✔✔How does osmolarity of tubular fluid in Bowman's capsule compare with the
osmolarity of tubular fluid at the beginning of the descending loop of Henle? - ✔✔There
is no change in osmolarity at these two points.
✔✔Where is most of the filtered Na+ reabsorbed in the nephron? Approximately how
much Na+ (%) is reabsorbed at that point? - ✔✔Proximal Tubule
65-70% of filtered Na+
✔✔Na+ reabsorption is stimulated by what two things? - ✔✔(1) α-adrenergic nerves
(2) ANGII
✔✔Na+ reabsorption is inhibited by what two things? - ✔✔(1) ANPs
(2) NO
✔✔Early proximal reabsorption of Na+ is done via... - ✔✔Na+/H+ Exchange
Coupled Transport (with glucose, amino acids, PO4, lactate, etc.)
✔✔Late proximal reabsorption involves Anion/Cl- exchange. What anions does that
typically include? - ✔✔Formate
Oxalate
