HAPS ACTUAL STUDYS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔hypertonic - ✔✔Dehydration will most likely cause plasma to become
________________.
A) isotonic
B) hypotonic
C) hypertonic
D) hydrotonic
E) None of the above.
✔✔protein - ✔✔Which buffer system accounts for three-quarters of all the chemical
buffering of the body fluids?
A) phosphate
B) bicarbonate
C) protein
D) calcium
✔✔loops of juxtamedullary nephrons - ✔✔The concentration gradient that exists from
the cortex to the medulla of the kidney is produced by the
A) loops of the cortical nephrons.
B) proximal convoluted tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons.
C) loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons.
D) distal convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons.
E) collecting ducts of juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons.
✔✔a stimulation of the sense of thirst - ✔✔When blood pressure drops, the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete the enzyme renin, which indirectly results in
A) a lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure.
B) an increase in the glomerular filtration rate.
C) a loss of sodium.
D) a stimulation of the sense of thirst.
✔✔urea - ✔✔The major nitrogenous waste product in humans is ________________.
A) guanine
,B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) creatinine
E) urea
✔✔proximal convoluted tubule - ✔✔In a normal person, almost all of the glucose in the
filtrate is transported back into the body's cells in this area.
A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) nephron loop
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct
✔✔the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the medulla is higher than that in the cortex
- ✔✔The collecting duct is able to concentrate urine mainly because
A) it is permeable to NaCl but not water.
B) it actively transports water.
C) the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the medulla is higher than that in the
cortex.
D) the permeability of the tubular cells to Na+ increases as the duct passes through the
medulla.
E) hydrostatic pressure forces water out of the duct.
✔✔collecting duct - ✔✔Antidiuretic hormone acts on the _____ to promote water
retention.
A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting duct
D) urinary bladder
✔✔glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves - ✔✔Peripheral chemoreceptors communicate
with the brainstem via the
A) vagus nerve only.
B) phrenic nerve only.
C) phrenic and vagus nerves.
D) glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
E) hypoglossal and vague nerves
✔✔pH - ✔✔The primary factor affecting chemoreceptors of blood gases is _____.
A) CO2
B) O2
C) pH
D) CO
, ✔✔opsonization - ✔✔Which of the following terms means to coat bacteria, making them
easier to phagocytize by macrophages and neutrophils?
A) opsonization
B) complement fixation
C) pyrexia
D) MAC coating
✔✔helper T - ✔✔These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce interleukins to
stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies.
A) cytotoxic T
B) helper T
C) suppressor T
D) natural killers
E) memory T
✔✔autoimmune disease - ✔✔When antibodies produced to react against bacteria also
react against self-antigens, the resulting condition is an example of a(n):
A) immunodeficiency disease.
B) autoimmune disease.
C) allergy.
D) cellular immune response
✔✔tunica media - ✔✔The tissue layer of a vessel that differs most in thickness when
comparing arteries and veins is the
A) tunica externa.
B) tunica adventitia.
C) tunica media.
D) tunica interna.
E) tunica intima
✔✔(1/3*150)+(2/3*90)=110 - ✔✔Pulse pressure equals the systolic pressure minus the
diastolic pressure. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) equals the sum of the diastolic
pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure. What is the MAP in an individual with a
blood pressure of 150/90?
A) 110
B) 120
C) 130
D) 150
✔✔gravity acting on the large veins above the heart - ✔✔The venous return of blood
back to the heart is encouraged by
A) constriction of veins in the legs.
B) a drop in internal pressure in the abdomen during inhalation.
C) relaxation of skeletal muscle.
D) gravity acting on the large veins above the heart
SET A+
✔✔hypertonic - ✔✔Dehydration will most likely cause plasma to become
________________.
A) isotonic
B) hypotonic
C) hypertonic
D) hydrotonic
E) None of the above.
✔✔protein - ✔✔Which buffer system accounts for three-quarters of all the chemical
buffering of the body fluids?
A) phosphate
B) bicarbonate
C) protein
D) calcium
✔✔loops of juxtamedullary nephrons - ✔✔The concentration gradient that exists from
the cortex to the medulla of the kidney is produced by the
A) loops of the cortical nephrons.
B) proximal convoluted tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons.
C) loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons.
D) distal convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons.
E) collecting ducts of juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons.
✔✔a stimulation of the sense of thirst - ✔✔When blood pressure drops, the
juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney secrete the enzyme renin, which indirectly results in
A) a lowering of the mean arterial blood pressure.
B) an increase in the glomerular filtration rate.
C) a loss of sodium.
D) a stimulation of the sense of thirst.
✔✔urea - ✔✔The major nitrogenous waste product in humans is ________________.
A) guanine
,B) ammonia
C) uric acid
D) creatinine
E) urea
✔✔proximal convoluted tubule - ✔✔In a normal person, almost all of the glucose in the
filtrate is transported back into the body's cells in this area.
A) glomerular capsule
B) proximal convoluted tubule
C) nephron loop
D) distal convoluted tubule
E) collecting duct
✔✔the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the medulla is higher than that in the cortex
- ✔✔The collecting duct is able to concentrate urine mainly because
A) it is permeable to NaCl but not water.
B) it actively transports water.
C) the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid in the medulla is higher than that in the
cortex.
D) the permeability of the tubular cells to Na+ increases as the duct passes through the
medulla.
E) hydrostatic pressure forces water out of the duct.
✔✔collecting duct - ✔✔Antidiuretic hormone acts on the _____ to promote water
retention.
A) proximal convoluted tubule
B) distal convoluted tubule
C) collecting duct
D) urinary bladder
✔✔glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves - ✔✔Peripheral chemoreceptors communicate
with the brainstem via the
A) vagus nerve only.
B) phrenic nerve only.
C) phrenic and vagus nerves.
D) glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.
E) hypoglossal and vague nerves
✔✔pH - ✔✔The primary factor affecting chemoreceptors of blood gases is _____.
A) CO2
B) O2
C) pH
D) CO
, ✔✔opsonization - ✔✔Which of the following terms means to coat bacteria, making them
easier to phagocytize by macrophages and neutrophils?
A) opsonization
B) complement fixation
C) pyrexia
D) MAC coating
✔✔helper T - ✔✔These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce interleukins to
stimulate the cells that actually make the antibodies.
A) cytotoxic T
B) helper T
C) suppressor T
D) natural killers
E) memory T
✔✔autoimmune disease - ✔✔When antibodies produced to react against bacteria also
react against self-antigens, the resulting condition is an example of a(n):
A) immunodeficiency disease.
B) autoimmune disease.
C) allergy.
D) cellular immune response
✔✔tunica media - ✔✔The tissue layer of a vessel that differs most in thickness when
comparing arteries and veins is the
A) tunica externa.
B) tunica adventitia.
C) tunica media.
D) tunica interna.
E) tunica intima
✔✔(1/3*150)+(2/3*90)=110 - ✔✔Pulse pressure equals the systolic pressure minus the
diastolic pressure. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) equals the sum of the diastolic
pressure plus one-third of the pulse pressure. What is the MAP in an individual with a
blood pressure of 150/90?
A) 110
B) 120
C) 130
D) 150
✔✔gravity acting on the large veins above the heart - ✔✔The venous return of blood
back to the heart is encouraged by
A) constriction of veins in the legs.
B) a drop in internal pressure in the abdomen during inhalation.
C) relaxation of skeletal muscle.
D) gravity acting on the large veins above the heart
