HCR 240 EXAM 1 2026/2027 | STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE QUESTIONS,
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
It is true that a eukaryotic cell
is smaller than a prokaryotic cell
lacks a well-defined nucleus
does not contain histones
contains structures called organelles - ANS ✔✔contains structures called organelles
The cell's energy producers are called
mitochondria
ER
Golgi complex
nucleolus - ANS ✔✔mitochondria
Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is
called
osmosis
diffusion
hydrostatic pressure
filtration - ANS ✔✔diffusion
Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction?
amplify the signal
transfer the signal
distribute the signal
converge the signal - ANS ✔✔amplify the signal
transfer the signal
distribute the signal
For optimal cell function which of the following is necessary:
potassium higher outside and sodium higher inside the cell
potassium ions need to be at higher concentration inside the cell and sodium need to be at higher
concentration outside the cell - ANS ✔✔potassium ions need to be at higher concentration inside the
cell and sodium need to be at higher concentration outside the cell
Which are causes of cellular injury?
genetic
chemical injury
,hypoxia cell injury
antioxidants - ANS ✔✔genetic
chemical injury
hypoxia cell injury
Which statement is true regarding apoptosis?
is the process of cellular self-digestion
an active process of cellular self-destruction
local cell death after severe and sudden injury
is defined as decrease or shrinkage of cellular size - ANS ✔✔an active process of cellular self-destruction
Which of the following is an increase in cell number?
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy - ANS ✔✔Hyperplasia
Only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia; therefore, hyperplasia of the myocytes in the health
and neurons in the brain does not occur - ANS ✔✔true
The most common cause of hypoxia is
ischemia
anoxia
anemia - ANS ✔✔ischemia
The most common heat related injury is
heat cramps
heat stroke
heat exhaustion - ANS ✔✔heat exhaustion
Sunburn by excessive exposure to sunlight is an observable example of cell injury by
free radical injury
chemical injury
physical agents
hypoxic cell injury - ANS ✔✔physical agents
Which of the following occur as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation?
pathologic atrophy
pathologic hypertrophy
pathologic hyperplasia
physiologic atrophy - ANS ✔✔pathologic atrophy
, Which of the following are examples of hypoxia in inflammatory conditions?
acute lung injury
colitis
cancer
infections with pathogens - ANS ✔✔acute lung injury
colitis
infections with pathogens
According to the text, the world's largest single environment health risk is:
air pollution
prescription drug addiction
lead poisoning
carbon monoxide poisoning - ANS ✔✔air pollution
_______ is the number one mood altering drug used in the US
methamphetamine
opioids
marijuana
alcohol - ANS ✔✔alcohol
_____, or oxygen failing to reach the blood, can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment
chemical asphyxiants
strangulation
suffocation
drowning - ANS ✔✔suffocation
Deep sea divers need to be concerned with _____ which can cause gas emboli
neuroleptic syndrome
high altitude sickness
blast injury
decompression sickness - ANS ✔✔decompression sickness
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?
an influx of glucose through the injured cell membranes
plasma proteins enter the cell
the ATPase-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia
sodium chloride enters the cell - ANS ✔✔sodium chloride enters the cell
What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?
high frequency and low frequency
ANSWERS & EXAM REVIEW
It is true that a eukaryotic cell
is smaller than a prokaryotic cell
lacks a well-defined nucleus
does not contain histones
contains structures called organelles - ANS ✔✔contains structures called organelles
The cell's energy producers are called
mitochondria
ER
Golgi complex
nucleolus - ANS ✔✔mitochondria
Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is
called
osmosis
diffusion
hydrostatic pressure
filtration - ANS ✔✔diffusion
Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction?
amplify the signal
transfer the signal
distribute the signal
converge the signal - ANS ✔✔amplify the signal
transfer the signal
distribute the signal
For optimal cell function which of the following is necessary:
potassium higher outside and sodium higher inside the cell
potassium ions need to be at higher concentration inside the cell and sodium need to be at higher
concentration outside the cell - ANS ✔✔potassium ions need to be at higher concentration inside the
cell and sodium need to be at higher concentration outside the cell
Which are causes of cellular injury?
genetic
chemical injury
,hypoxia cell injury
antioxidants - ANS ✔✔genetic
chemical injury
hypoxia cell injury
Which statement is true regarding apoptosis?
is the process of cellular self-digestion
an active process of cellular self-destruction
local cell death after severe and sudden injury
is defined as decrease or shrinkage of cellular size - ANS ✔✔an active process of cellular self-destruction
Which of the following is an increase in cell number?
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy - ANS ✔✔Hyperplasia
Only cells that can divide will undergo hyperplasia; therefore, hyperplasia of the myocytes in the health
and neurons in the brain does not occur - ANS ✔✔true
The most common cause of hypoxia is
ischemia
anoxia
anemia - ANS ✔✔ischemia
The most common heat related injury is
heat cramps
heat stroke
heat exhaustion - ANS ✔✔heat exhaustion
Sunburn by excessive exposure to sunlight is an observable example of cell injury by
free radical injury
chemical injury
physical agents
hypoxic cell injury - ANS ✔✔physical agents
Which of the following occur as a result of decreases in workload, use, pressure, blood supply, nutrition,
hormonal stimulation, and nervous stimulation?
pathologic atrophy
pathologic hypertrophy
pathologic hyperplasia
physiologic atrophy - ANS ✔✔pathologic atrophy
, Which of the following are examples of hypoxia in inflammatory conditions?
acute lung injury
colitis
cancer
infections with pathogens - ANS ✔✔acute lung injury
colitis
infections with pathogens
According to the text, the world's largest single environment health risk is:
air pollution
prescription drug addiction
lead poisoning
carbon monoxide poisoning - ANS ✔✔air pollution
_______ is the number one mood altering drug used in the US
methamphetamine
opioids
marijuana
alcohol - ANS ✔✔alcohol
_____, or oxygen failing to reach the blood, can result from a lack of oxygen in the environment
chemical asphyxiants
strangulation
suffocation
drowning - ANS ✔✔suffocation
Deep sea divers need to be concerned with _____ which can cause gas emboli
neuroleptic syndrome
high altitude sickness
blast injury
decompression sickness - ANS ✔✔decompression sickness
During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?
an influx of glucose through the injured cell membranes
plasma proteins enter the cell
the ATPase-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia
sodium chloride enters the cell - ANS ✔✔sodium chloride enters the cell
What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?
high frequency and low frequency
