Macroscopy of Upper and Lower Limb
01.Planes of movement
02.Biomechanics of body movement
03.Spinal cord basics
04.Main bones
05.Main muscles
, 1
Introduction to Body Planes
Body planes Coronal Plane Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane
Divides the body Front and back Right and left Upper and lower
into: sections sections sections
Movement plane: ● Abduction ● Flexion ● Rotation
● Abduction ● Extension ● Pronation
● Lateral ● Plantar ● Supination
Flexion Flexion ● Spinal
● Dorsiflexion Rotation
, 2
Types of Movement
Type Movement based on anatomical position
Gilding Gilding: flat surface movement side to side,
back and forth with little to no change in angle
between bones (ulnar flexion)
Angular A. Extension: straightening movement
that increases the angle between body
parts (usually in sagittal plane).
B. Flexion: abending movement around
a joint in a limb that decreases the
angle between the bones of the limb
at the joint (usually in sagittal plane).
C. Lateral flexion: movement of the
spine or head in the coronal plane
(bending or side flexion).
D. Adduction: the movement of a limb or
other part towards the midline of the
body (coronal plane).
E. Abduction: the movement of a limb or
other part away from the midline of the
body (coronal plane).
Rotation A. Rotation: movement along the long
axis of a bone or the spine.
B. Endorotation: internal rotation
(medial rotation) is rotation towards
the centre of the body.
C. Exorotation: External rotation(lateral
rotation) is rotation away from the
centre of the body.
, 3
Special A. Inversion: movement in which the
sole of the foot rotates towards the
midline of the body.
B. Eversion: movement in which the
sole of the foot rotates away from the
midline of the body.
C. Pronation: rotation of the hand and
forearm so that the palm faces
downwards.
D. Supination: rotation of the forearm
and hand so that the palm faces.
upwards.
E. Plantar flexion: movement of the foot
in which the foot or toes flex
downward toward the sole.
F. Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion): raising
the foot upwards towards the shin. It
means the flexion of the foot in the
upward direction.
G. Anteflexion (flexion): displacement
forward of an organ, esp. the uterus,
in such manner that its axis is bent
upon itself.
H. Retroflexion (extension):
displacement backward of an organ,
esp. the uterus, in such manner that
its axis is bent upon itself.
01.Planes of movement
02.Biomechanics of body movement
03.Spinal cord basics
04.Main bones
05.Main muscles
, 1
Introduction to Body Planes
Body planes Coronal Plane Sagittal Plane Transverse Plane
Divides the body Front and back Right and left Upper and lower
into: sections sections sections
Movement plane: ● Abduction ● Flexion ● Rotation
● Abduction ● Extension ● Pronation
● Lateral ● Plantar ● Supination
Flexion Flexion ● Spinal
● Dorsiflexion Rotation
, 2
Types of Movement
Type Movement based on anatomical position
Gilding Gilding: flat surface movement side to side,
back and forth with little to no change in angle
between bones (ulnar flexion)
Angular A. Extension: straightening movement
that increases the angle between body
parts (usually in sagittal plane).
B. Flexion: abending movement around
a joint in a limb that decreases the
angle between the bones of the limb
at the joint (usually in sagittal plane).
C. Lateral flexion: movement of the
spine or head in the coronal plane
(bending or side flexion).
D. Adduction: the movement of a limb or
other part towards the midline of the
body (coronal plane).
E. Abduction: the movement of a limb or
other part away from the midline of the
body (coronal plane).
Rotation A. Rotation: movement along the long
axis of a bone or the spine.
B. Endorotation: internal rotation
(medial rotation) is rotation towards
the centre of the body.
C. Exorotation: External rotation(lateral
rotation) is rotation away from the
centre of the body.
, 3
Special A. Inversion: movement in which the
sole of the foot rotates towards the
midline of the body.
B. Eversion: movement in which the
sole of the foot rotates away from the
midline of the body.
C. Pronation: rotation of the hand and
forearm so that the palm faces
downwards.
D. Supination: rotation of the forearm
and hand so that the palm faces.
upwards.
E. Plantar flexion: movement of the foot
in which the foot or toes flex
downward toward the sole.
F. Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion): raising
the foot upwards towards the shin. It
means the flexion of the foot in the
upward direction.
G. Anteflexion (flexion): displacement
forward of an organ, esp. the uterus,
in such manner that its axis is bent
upon itself.
H. Retroflexion (extension):
displacement backward of an organ,
esp. the uterus, in such manner that
its axis is bent upon itself.
