NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
REVIEW
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often due to chronic irritation or inflammation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less differentiated cell type, such as the change in bronchial lining from ciliated
columnar cells to stratified squamous cells in smokers.
2. In the context of the RAAS system, what is the primary physiological effect of Angiotensin II
on the efferent arterioles of the kidney?
A. Vasodilation to increase blood flow
,B. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion
C. Vasoconstriction to maintain glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D. Reduction of sodium reabsorption
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II preferentially constricts the efferent arteriole,
which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps maintain GFR when systemic
blood pressure is low.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed
against antigens on the surface of specific target cells, such as in hemolytic disease of the
newborn?
A. Type I (IgE-mediated)
B. Type III (Immune complex-mediated)
C. Type II (Tissue-specific)
D. Type IV (Cell-mediated)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type II reactions involve antibody binding to tissue-specific
antigens. Cell destruction occurs via complement-mediated lysis or phagocytosis.
, 4. A patient presents with a plasma osmolality of 250 mOsm/kg and concentrated urine.
Which condition is most likely responsible?
A. SIADH
B. Dehydration
C. Diabetes Insipidus
D. Hypoparathyroidism
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH causes excessive water retention, leading to dilutional
hyponatremia (low plasma osmolality) and inappropriately concentrated urine due to high
levels of ADH.
5. Which chromosomal abnormality is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion?
A. Trisomy 21
B. Triploidy
C. Monosomy X
D. Fragile X
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Polyploidy (like triploidy) is extremely common in early
spontaneous abortions, though Trisomy 16 is the most common specific trisomy found in
miscarriages.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
REVIEW
1. Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often due to chronic irritation or inflammation?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Atrophy
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is a reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another less differentiated cell type, such as the change in bronchial lining from ciliated
columnar cells to stratified squamous cells in smokers.
2. In the context of the RAAS system, what is the primary physiological effect of Angiotensin II
on the efferent arterioles of the kidney?
A. Vasodilation to increase blood flow
,B. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion
C. Vasoconstriction to maintain glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
D. Reduction of sodium reabsorption
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Angiotensin II preferentially constricts the efferent arteriole,
which increases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and helps maintain GFR when systemic
blood pressure is low.
3. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies directed
against antigens on the surface of specific target cells, such as in hemolytic disease of the
newborn?
A. Type I (IgE-mediated)
B. Type III (Immune complex-mediated)
C. Type II (Tissue-specific)
D. Type IV (Cell-mediated)
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: Type II reactions involve antibody binding to tissue-specific
antigens. Cell destruction occurs via complement-mediated lysis or phagocytosis.
, 4. A patient presents with a plasma osmolality of 250 mOsm/kg and concentrated urine.
Which condition is most likely responsible?
A. SIADH
B. Dehydration
C. Diabetes Insipidus
D. Hypoparathyroidism
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: SIADH causes excessive water retention, leading to dilutional
hyponatremia (low plasma osmolality) and inappropriately concentrated urine due to high
levels of ADH.
5. Which chromosomal abnormality is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion?
A. Trisomy 21
B. Triploidy
C. Monosomy X
D. Fragile X
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Polyploidy (like triploidy) is extremely common in early
spontaneous abortions, though Trisomy 16 is the most common specific trisomy found in
miscarriages.
