NR507 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when the heart’s workload increases, leading to an
increase in the size of the myocardial cells?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an
increase in the size of the organ. In the heart, this is a response to increased mechanical
load.
2. A patient’s biopsy reveals that mature columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelium in the airway. This process is known as:
A. Dysplasia
,B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, often due to chronic irritation.
3. In the context of genetic disorders, what is the recurrence risk for an autosomal dominant
inheritance pattern when one parent is affected?
A. 25%
B. 100%
C. 75%
D. 50%
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In autosomal dominant disorders, if one parent is heterozygous
(affected) and the other is homozygous normal, there is a 50% chance for each child to
inherit the mutant allele.
4. Which condition is characterized by a 45,X karyotype and typically presents with a webbed
neck and short stature?
A. Klinefelter syndrome
, B. Down syndrome
C. Cri du Chat syndrome
D. Turner syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in females where
one of the X chromosomes is missing (45,X), leading to characteristic physical features.
5. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind Type I hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. Immune complex deposition
B. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
C. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
D. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to mast
cells, leading to degranulation and release of histamine upon re-exposure to an allergen.
6. In metabolic acidosis, which of the following is the primary respiratory compensatory
mechanism?
A. Hypoventilation to retain CO2
B. Increased bicarbonate reabsorption
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE EXAM REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when the heart’s workload increases, leading to an
increase in the size of the myocardial cells?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, resulting in an
increase in the size of the organ. In the heart, this is a response to increased mechanical
load.
2. A patient’s biopsy reveals that mature columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified
squamous epithelium in the airway. This process is known as:
A. Dysplasia
,B. Metaplasia
C. Anaplasia
D. Neoplasia
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type
by another mature cell type, often due to chronic irritation.
3. In the context of genetic disorders, what is the recurrence risk for an autosomal dominant
inheritance pattern when one parent is affected?
A. 25%
B. 100%
C. 75%
D. 50%
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: In autosomal dominant disorders, if one parent is heterozygous
(affected) and the other is homozygous normal, there is a 50% chance for each child to
inherit the mutant allele.
4. Which condition is characterized by a 45,X karyotype and typically presents with a webbed
neck and short stature?
A. Klinefelter syndrome
, B. Down syndrome
C. Cri du Chat syndrome
D. Turner syndrome
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Turner syndrome is a chromosomal disorder in females where
one of the X chromosomes is missing (45,X), leading to characteristic physical features.
5. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism behind Type I hypersensitivity
reactions?
A. Immune complex deposition
B. IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation
C. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
D. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies binding to mast
cells, leading to degranulation and release of histamine upon re-exposure to an allergen.
6. In metabolic acidosis, which of the following is the primary respiratory compensatory
mechanism?
A. Hypoventilation to retain CO2
B. Increased bicarbonate reabsorption
