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NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Actual
Exam Questions 1–100 | 100% Pass Guaranteed |
Graded A+
1. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which metabolic process
will facilitate continued muscle performance?
A. Aerobic glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Anaerobic glycolysis breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing ATP
and lactic acid to sustain muscle activity during high-intensity exercise when oxygen is limited.
Aerobic glycolysis requires oxygen, gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose rather than producing
ATP, and beta-oxidation is an aerobic fatty acid metabolism pathway.
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2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxia?
A. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
B. Depletion of ATP
C. Excessive calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum
D. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation, leading to ATP depletion,
which disrupts cellular functions such as ion pumps, causing cellular swelling and injury. ATP
depletion is the central event in hypoxic cellular injury.
3. Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with cystic fibrosis?
A. BRCA1 gene mutation
B. CFTR gene mutation
C. TP53 gene mutation
D. APC gene mutation
☑ Correct Answer: B
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☑ Explanation: Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7,
leading to defective chloride transport and thick mucus production in the lungs, pancreas, and
other organs. It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
4. What is the primary role of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
A. Promote vasoconstriction
B. Mediate immune cell recruitment
C. Inhibit phagocytosis
D. Reduce vascular permeability
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) recruit immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation
through chemotaxis and activation of adhesion molecules.
5. Which immunoglobulin is most associated with allergic reactions?
A. IgA
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B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils via high-affinity Fc receptors,
triggering histamine and other mediator release upon cross-linking by allergen, which mediates
Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
6. What is the hallmark pathophysiological feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
C. Hyperinsulinemia
D. Glucagon excess
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune T-cell-mediated destruction of
NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm Actual
Exam Questions 1–100 | 100% Pass Guaranteed |
Graded A+
1. A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which metabolic process
will facilitate continued muscle performance?
A. Aerobic glycolysis
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Anaerobic glycolysis breaks down glucose without oxygen, producing ATP
and lactic acid to sustain muscle activity during high-intensity exercise when oxygen is limited.
Aerobic glycolysis requires oxygen, gluconeogenesis synthesizes glucose rather than producing
ATP, and beta-oxidation is an aerobic fatty acid metabolism pathway.
,2
2. What is the primary mechanism of cellular injury in hypoxia?
A. Increased oxidative phosphorylation
B. Depletion of ATP
C. Excessive calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum
D. Activation of lysosomal enzymes
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation, leading to ATP depletion,
which disrupts cellular functions such as ion pumps, causing cellular swelling and injury. ATP
depletion is the central event in hypoxic cellular injury.
3. Which genetic mutation is most commonly associated with cystic fibrosis?
A. BRCA1 gene mutation
B. CFTR gene mutation
C. TP53 gene mutation
D. APC gene mutation
☑ Correct Answer: B
,3
☑ Explanation: Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene on chromosome 7,
leading to defective chloride transport and thick mucus production in the lungs, pancreas, and
other organs. It is an autosomal recessive disorder.
4. What is the primary role of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
A. Promote vasoconstriction
B. Mediate immune cell recruitment
C. Inhibit phagocytosis
D. Reduce vascular permeability
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha
(TNF-α) recruit immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to the site of inflammation
through chemotaxis and activation of adhesion molecules.
5. Which immunoglobulin is most associated with allergic reactions?
A. IgA
, 4
B. IgE
C. IgG
D. IgM
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: IgE binds to mast cells and basophils via high-affinity Fc receptors,
triggering histamine and other mediator release upon cross-linking by allergen, which mediates
Type I hypersensitivity reactions.
6. What is the hallmark pathophysiological feature of Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Autoimmune beta-cell destruction
C. Hyperinsulinemia
D. Glucagon excess
☑ Correct Answer: B
☑ Explanation: Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune T-cell-mediated destruction of
