PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM
PRACTICE (2026/2027) UPDATE|EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE
CHOICES |VERIFIED & REVISED
ANSWERS (NEW)!!!
Amclientmreceivesmamphonemcallmfrommhermgynecologist'smofficemnursemandmisminformedmthatmhermP
apmtestmresultsmidentifiedmmildmdysplasia.mThembestmexplanationmformthemnursemtomprovidemwould
mbe:
m
a.m"Minormdegreesmofmdysplasiamaremassociatedmwithmchronicmirritationmorminflammation.mHowev
er,mwemwillmneedmtomdomadditionalmdiagnosticmstudiesmtomconfirmmthemdiagnosis."
b.m"Youmdefinitelymhavemcancer."
c.m"Domnotmbemconcerned;mthismismnotmabnormal."
d.m"Youmneedmemergencymtreatment;mpleasemcomeminmtomthemofficemtoday."m-
mCORRECTmANSWERma
Themnursemismeducatingmaboutmthemimportancemofmimprovingmthemmetabolicmprocessminmamclientm
whomhasmmorbidmobesitymandmismbeginningmamweightmlossmprogrammwithmexercise.mWhatmshouldm
themnurseminformmthemclientmaboutmthemimportancemofmimprovingmthemmetabolicmrate?
a.mIncreasingmmetabolismmimprovesmthemprocessmbymwhichmcellsmengulfmmaterialsmfrommtheirmsur
roundingsmtomimprovemelectrolytemfunction.
b.mIncreasingmmetabolismmwillmallowmthemclientmtombemablemtomeatmwhatevermfoodsmhemwantsmasml
ongmasmhemismexercising.
c.mIncreasingmmetabolismmimprovesmthemsecretionmofmintracellularmsubstancesmintomthemextracell
ularmspaces.
d.mIncreasingmmetabolismmwillmimprovemthembreakdownmofmcarbohydrates,mfats,mandmproteinsmto
mprovidemenergymformcellmfunction.m-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
,Amclientmhasmbeenmexercisingmhismarmsmrepeatedly.mWhichmstatementmbymthemnursemexplainsmthem
increaseminmthemsizemofmthemarms?
a.m"Yourmcellsmhavematrophiedminmresponsemtomincreasedmoxygen."
b.m"Yourmcellsmhavemhypertrophiedminmresponsemtomincreasedmworkload."
c.m"Youmhavemincreasedmyourmnumbermofmcellsmduemtomincreasedmoxygenation."
d.m"Youmhavemcausedmthemcellsmtomclumpmtogetherminmresponsemtomexercise."m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmb
Whatmcanmthemnursemtellmfamilymmembersmtombestmexplainmmusclematrophymofmamfamilymmemberm
whomhasmbeenminmampersistentmcoma?
a.m"Cellmsizemhasmincreasedminmresponsemtomimmobility."
b.m"Cellsmhypertrophyminmresponsemtomdisuse."
c.m"Cellmsizemdecreasesmasmworkloadmdeclines."
d.m"Cellsmneedmmoremoxygenmthemlongermtheymaremimmobile."m-mCORRECTmANSWERmc
Whichmstatementmwouldmamnursemtellmamclientmtombestmdescribemapoptosis?
a.m"Apoptosismdescribesmincreaseminmnumbermofmcells."
b.m"Apoptosismoccursminmirreversiblymdamagedmcells."
c.m"Apoptosismismanmincreaseminmthemsizemofmcells."
d.m"Apoptosismismthemnaturalmremovalmofminjuredmormwornmoutmcells."m-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
Themstudentmnursemismremovingmsuturesmonmclientmaftermabdominalmsurgery,mandmthemwoundmbeg
insmtompullmapart.mThemstudentmasksmtheminstructor,m"DidmImdomsomethingmwrong?"mTheminstructo
rmreviewsmwoundmhealingmandmreplies:
,a.m"Maybemthemwoundmedgesmweremnotmclosemenoughmtogethermtomallowmepithelializationmofmthe
mwoundmtomoccur."
b.m"Maybemthemclientmwasm'picking'matmthemwoundmandmcausedmthemedgesmtomnotmbemwell-
approximated."
c.m"Maybemyoumweremamlittlemroughmwhenmyoumpulledmoutmthemsutures."
d.m"Maybemthemsuturesmweremleftminmtoomlongmandmimpededmhealing."m-mCORRECTmANSWERma
Followingmhipmreplacementmsurgery,mthemclientmhasmhadmmanymweeksmofmphysicalmtherapy.mUpon
massessingmthemwound,mitmismstillmredmandmdrainingmthick,mgreen,modoriferousmsecretions.mThemclie
ntmhasmlimitedmrange-of-
motionmandmismconstantlymreportingmpain.mThemphysicianmexplainsmthatmthemhipmdevicemneedsmtom
bemremoved.mWhymismremovalmrequired?
a.mAmfragmentmofmbonemmaymbemrubbingmatmtheminsertionmsitemofmthemjointmandmkeepingmitminflam
ed.
b.mThembodymconsidersmthemhipmreplacementmdevicemamforeignmbodymandmanminfectionmhasmdevel
opedmaroundmthemjoint.
c.mThemdevicemismimpedingmthemsupplymofmnutrientsmandmoxygenmtomreachmtheminflamedmarea.
d.mNomamountmofmantibioticmtherapymwillmbemablemtomreachmthemareamaroundmthemnewmjointmandm
killmtheminfection.m-mCORRECTmANSWERmb
Amnursemismassessingmamclientmformthemclassicmsignsmofmacuteminflammation.mThemnursemwouldmass
essmthemclientmfor:
a.mCyanosis,mheat,mandmswelling
b.mParesthesias,mredness,mandmcoolness
c.mPain,mpulselessness,mandmedema
d.mRubor,mswelling,mandmpainm-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
, Duringmamreviewmsessionmdiscussingmcells,mamstudentmasks,m"Whatmdomyoumcallmitmwhenmamcellmbec
omesmmoremspecializedminmtermsmofmstructure?"mWhichmresponsemanswersmthemquestionmcorrectl
y?
a.mCellmproliferation
b.mMatrix
c.mMitosis
d.mCellmdifferentiationm-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
Amclientmwithmpneumoniamismadmittedmwithmthesemvitalmsigns:mtemperaturem99.7ºFm(37.6°F),mpuls
em80mbeats/min,mrespirationsm18/minute,mandmBPm120/80mmmmHg.mWhichmsetmofmvitalmsignsmdoes
mthemnursemanticipatemwhenmthemclientmbeginsmtomshivermandmrequestsmanothermblanketmseveralm
hoursmlater?
a.mTm98.4ºFm(36.9°C),mPm82/min,mRm16/min,mBPm106/70mmmmHg
b.mTm100.9ºFm(38.3°C),mPm90/min,mRm20/min,mBPm126/80mmmmHg
c.mTm99.7ºFm(37.6°C),mPm86/min,mRm18/min,mBPm130/82mmmmHg
d.mTm97.2ºFm(36.2°C),mPm70/min,mRm12/min,mBPm114/60mmmHgm-mCORRECTmANSWERmb
Themdaughtermofmam79-year-
oldmwomanmasksmthemnursemwhymhermmothermgetsmsommanyminfections.mThemdaughtermstates,m"M
ymmothermhasmalwaysmbeenmhealthy,mbutmnowmshemhasmpneumonia.mLastmmonthmshemgotmcelluliti
smfrommambugmbitemshemscratched.mThemmonthmbeforemthatmwasmsomemotherminfection.mHowmcom
emshemseemsmtomgetmsickmsomoftenmnow?"mWhatmismthemnurse'smbestmresponse?
a.mAsmpeoplemgetmolder,mtheirmimmunemsystemmdoesmnotmrespondmasmwellmasmitmdidmwhenmtheymw
eremyounger.
b.mAboutmthemtimemwemarem75morm76myearsmold,mourmimmunemsystemmquitsmworking.
PRACTICE (2026/2027) UPDATE|EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH MULTIPLE
CHOICES |VERIFIED & REVISED
ANSWERS (NEW)!!!
Amclientmreceivesmamphonemcallmfrommhermgynecologist'smofficemnursemandmisminformedmthatmhermP
apmtestmresultsmidentifiedmmildmdysplasia.mThembestmexplanationmformthemnursemtomprovidemwould
mbe:
m
a.m"Minormdegreesmofmdysplasiamaremassociatedmwithmchronicmirritationmorminflammation.mHowev
er,mwemwillmneedmtomdomadditionalmdiagnosticmstudiesmtomconfirmmthemdiagnosis."
b.m"Youmdefinitelymhavemcancer."
c.m"Domnotmbemconcerned;mthismismnotmabnormal."
d.m"Youmneedmemergencymtreatment;mpleasemcomeminmtomthemofficemtoday."m-
mCORRECTmANSWERma
Themnursemismeducatingmaboutmthemimportancemofmimprovingmthemmetabolicmprocessminmamclientm
whomhasmmorbidmobesitymandmismbeginningmamweightmlossmprogrammwithmexercise.mWhatmshouldm
themnurseminformmthemclientmaboutmthemimportancemofmimprovingmthemmetabolicmrate?
a.mIncreasingmmetabolismmimprovesmthemprocessmbymwhichmcellsmengulfmmaterialsmfrommtheirmsur
roundingsmtomimprovemelectrolytemfunction.
b.mIncreasingmmetabolismmwillmallowmthemclientmtombemablemtomeatmwhatevermfoodsmhemwantsmasml
ongmasmhemismexercising.
c.mIncreasingmmetabolismmimprovesmthemsecretionmofmintracellularmsubstancesmintomthemextracell
ularmspaces.
d.mIncreasingmmetabolismmwillmimprovemthembreakdownmofmcarbohydrates,mfats,mandmproteinsmto
mprovidemenergymformcellmfunction.m-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
,Amclientmhasmbeenmexercisingmhismarmsmrepeatedly.mWhichmstatementmbymthemnursemexplainsmthem
increaseminmthemsizemofmthemarms?
a.m"Yourmcellsmhavematrophiedminmresponsemtomincreasedmoxygen."
b.m"Yourmcellsmhavemhypertrophiedminmresponsemtomincreasedmworkload."
c.m"Youmhavemincreasedmyourmnumbermofmcellsmduemtomincreasedmoxygenation."
d.m"Youmhavemcausedmthemcellsmtomclumpmtogetherminmresponsemtomexercise."m-
mCORRECTmANSWERmb
Whatmcanmthemnursemtellmfamilymmembersmtombestmexplainmmusclematrophymofmamfamilymmemberm
whomhasmbeenminmampersistentmcoma?
a.m"Cellmsizemhasmincreasedminmresponsemtomimmobility."
b.m"Cellsmhypertrophyminmresponsemtomdisuse."
c.m"Cellmsizemdecreasesmasmworkloadmdeclines."
d.m"Cellsmneedmmoremoxygenmthemlongermtheymaremimmobile."m-mCORRECTmANSWERmc
Whichmstatementmwouldmamnursemtellmamclientmtombestmdescribemapoptosis?
a.m"Apoptosismdescribesmincreaseminmnumbermofmcells."
b.m"Apoptosismoccursminmirreversiblymdamagedmcells."
c.m"Apoptosismismanmincreaseminmthemsizemofmcells."
d.m"Apoptosismismthemnaturalmremovalmofminjuredmormwornmoutmcells."m-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
Themstudentmnursemismremovingmsuturesmonmclientmaftermabdominalmsurgery,mandmthemwoundmbeg
insmtompullmapart.mThemstudentmasksmtheminstructor,m"DidmImdomsomethingmwrong?"mTheminstructo
rmreviewsmwoundmhealingmandmreplies:
,a.m"Maybemthemwoundmedgesmweremnotmclosemenoughmtogethermtomallowmepithelializationmofmthe
mwoundmtomoccur."
b.m"Maybemthemclientmwasm'picking'matmthemwoundmandmcausedmthemedgesmtomnotmbemwell-
approximated."
c.m"Maybemyoumweremamlittlemroughmwhenmyoumpulledmoutmthemsutures."
d.m"Maybemthemsuturesmweremleftminmtoomlongmandmimpededmhealing."m-mCORRECTmANSWERma
Followingmhipmreplacementmsurgery,mthemclientmhasmhadmmanymweeksmofmphysicalmtherapy.mUpon
massessingmthemwound,mitmismstillmredmandmdrainingmthick,mgreen,modoriferousmsecretions.mThemclie
ntmhasmlimitedmrange-of-
motionmandmismconstantlymreportingmpain.mThemphysicianmexplainsmthatmthemhipmdevicemneedsmtom
bemremoved.mWhymismremovalmrequired?
a.mAmfragmentmofmbonemmaymbemrubbingmatmtheminsertionmsitemofmthemjointmandmkeepingmitminflam
ed.
b.mThembodymconsidersmthemhipmreplacementmdevicemamforeignmbodymandmanminfectionmhasmdevel
opedmaroundmthemjoint.
c.mThemdevicemismimpedingmthemsupplymofmnutrientsmandmoxygenmtomreachmtheminflamedmarea.
d.mNomamountmofmantibioticmtherapymwillmbemablemtomreachmthemareamaroundmthemnewmjointmandm
killmtheminfection.m-mCORRECTmANSWERmb
Amnursemismassessingmamclientmformthemclassicmsignsmofmacuteminflammation.mThemnursemwouldmass
essmthemclientmfor:
a.mCyanosis,mheat,mandmswelling
b.mParesthesias,mredness,mandmcoolness
c.mPain,mpulselessness,mandmedema
d.mRubor,mswelling,mandmpainm-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
, Duringmamreviewmsessionmdiscussingmcells,mamstudentmasks,m"Whatmdomyoumcallmitmwhenmamcellmbec
omesmmoremspecializedminmtermsmofmstructure?"mWhichmresponsemanswersmthemquestionmcorrectl
y?
a.mCellmproliferation
b.mMatrix
c.mMitosis
d.mCellmdifferentiationm-mCORRECTmANSWERmd
Amclientmwithmpneumoniamismadmittedmwithmthesemvitalmsigns:mtemperaturem99.7ºFm(37.6°F),mpuls
em80mbeats/min,mrespirationsm18/minute,mandmBPm120/80mmmmHg.mWhichmsetmofmvitalmsignsmdoes
mthemnursemanticipatemwhenmthemclientmbeginsmtomshivermandmrequestsmanothermblanketmseveralm
hoursmlater?
a.mTm98.4ºFm(36.9°C),mPm82/min,mRm16/min,mBPm106/70mmmmHg
b.mTm100.9ºFm(38.3°C),mPm90/min,mRm20/min,mBPm126/80mmmmHg
c.mTm99.7ºFm(37.6°C),mPm86/min,mRm18/min,mBPm130/82mmmmHg
d.mTm97.2ºFm(36.2°C),mPm70/min,mRm12/min,mBPm114/60mmmHgm-mCORRECTmANSWERmb
Themdaughtermofmam79-year-
oldmwomanmasksmthemnursemwhymhermmothermgetsmsommanyminfections.mThemdaughtermstates,m"M
ymmothermhasmalwaysmbeenmhealthy,mbutmnowmshemhasmpneumonia.mLastmmonthmshemgotmcelluliti
smfrommambugmbitemshemscratched.mThemmonthmbeforemthatmwasmsomemotherminfection.mHowmcom
emshemseemsmtomgetmsickmsomoftenmnow?"mWhatmismthemnurse'smbestmresponse?
a.mAsmpeoplemgetmolder,mtheirmimmunemsystemmdoesmnotmrespondmasmwellmasmitmdidmwhenmtheymw
eremyounger.
b.mAboutmthemtimemwemarem75morm76myearsmold,mourmimmunemsystemmquitsmworking.
