BIO 669 ACTUAL FINALS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔What are cytokines? - ✔✔responsible for activating other cells and regulating
inflammatory response
✔✔What are chemokines? - ✔✔response to proinflammatory cytokines
induces chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and wound healing.
✔✔What are interleukins? - ✔✔produced by microphages and lymphocytes.
response to pros and cytokines stimulate inflammation and immune response (a type of
cytokine, cause differintiation of cells, proliferation and adhesion of cells)
✔✔What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ✔✔Secreted by macrophages and T cells to
kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
✔✔what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do? - ✔✔induce fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen
increase synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
✔✔What does interferon do? - ✔✔protects against viral infection
protects neighboring cells from being infected
✔✔why is interferon produced/ released? - ✔✔produced and released by virally infected
host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
✔✔what are mast cells? - ✔✔cellular bags of granules that are located in loose
connective tissues close to blood vessels
✔✔Where are mast cells found? - ✔✔skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract
✔✔what do mast cells contain? - ✔✔histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors
(stimulate cell migration to an area)
, ✔✔Where are basophils found? - ✔✔blood
✔✔how are chemicals released in mast cells and basophils? - ✔✔degranulation
(releases particles from a cell granules) and synthesis, help in immunity release
histamine in response to an antigen
✔✔What is degranulation of mast cells? - ✔✔the release of contents of mast cell
granules
✔✔what is synthesis of mast cells? - ✔✔the new production and release of mediators in
response to a stimulus
✔✔What is histamine? - ✔✔vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction
of large blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venules
swelling, edema, pain, and redness.
✔✔What are H1 receptors? - ✔✔pro inflammatory
present in smooth muscle cells of bronchi
ie. hay fever.
✔✔what are H2 receptors? - ✔✔anti-inflammatory
present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa
- induces the secretion of gastric acid
✔✔What do leukotrienes do? - ✔✔similar to histamine in later stages (asthma, allergic
reactions, sustain inflammatory secretions, found in lungs, gut , kidney) released by
mass cells by allergens and cause bronchoconstiction,
chronic asthma is usally from eosinophiles from smooth muscle twitchyness , are
attacted into bronchials by leukotrienes and when there, produce leukotriene
themselves. so, in since leukotrieans cause asmtha attacks and chronic asthma my
hyperactivity of bronchiol smooth muscle
✔✔What do prostaglandins do? - ✔✔are like hormones, leukotrienes, also induce pain
promote inflammaiton and help resolve it
(constrict or dilate, form plt or break them up, open or close airways, constract smooth
muscle in GI or relax, uterine contractions)
NSAIDS block these to reduce pain
help clot, disolve clot for healing
recruit cells in allergic reaction
✔✔When are platelets activated? - ✔✔by tissue destruction and inflammation
SET A+
✔✔What are cytokines? - ✔✔responsible for activating other cells and regulating
inflammatory response
✔✔What are chemokines? - ✔✔response to proinflammatory cytokines
induces chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and wound healing.
✔✔What are interleukins? - ✔✔produced by microphages and lymphocytes.
response to pros and cytokines stimulate inflammation and immune response (a type of
cytokine, cause differintiation of cells, proliferation and adhesion of cells)
✔✔What is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ✔✔Secreted by macrophages and T cells to
kill tumor cells and regulate immune responses and inflammation
✔✔what do tumor necrosis factor-alphas do? - ✔✔induce fever by acting as an
endogenous pyrogen
increase synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
✔✔What does interferon do? - ✔✔protects against viral infection
protects neighboring cells from being infected
✔✔why is interferon produced/ released? - ✔✔produced and released by virally infected
host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA
✔✔what are mast cells? - ✔✔cellular bags of granules that are located in loose
connective tissues close to blood vessels
✔✔Where are mast cells found? - ✔✔skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract
✔✔what do mast cells contain? - ✔✔histamine, cytokines, and chemotaxic factors
(stimulate cell migration to an area)
, ✔✔Where are basophils found? - ✔✔blood
✔✔how are chemicals released in mast cells and basophils? - ✔✔degranulation
(releases particles from a cell granules) and synthesis, help in immunity release
histamine in response to an antigen
✔✔What is degranulation of mast cells? - ✔✔the release of contents of mast cell
granules
✔✔what is synthesis of mast cells? - ✔✔the new production and release of mediators in
response to a stimulus
✔✔What is histamine? - ✔✔vasoactive amine that causes temporary rapid constriction
of large blood vessels and the dilation of postcapillary venules
swelling, edema, pain, and redness.
✔✔What are H1 receptors? - ✔✔pro inflammatory
present in smooth muscle cells of bronchi
ie. hay fever.
✔✔what are H2 receptors? - ✔✔anti-inflammatory
present on parietal cells of the stomach mucosa
- induces the secretion of gastric acid
✔✔What do leukotrienes do? - ✔✔similar to histamine in later stages (asthma, allergic
reactions, sustain inflammatory secretions, found in lungs, gut , kidney) released by
mass cells by allergens and cause bronchoconstiction,
chronic asthma is usally from eosinophiles from smooth muscle twitchyness , are
attacted into bronchials by leukotrienes and when there, produce leukotriene
themselves. so, in since leukotrieans cause asmtha attacks and chronic asthma my
hyperactivity of bronchiol smooth muscle
✔✔What do prostaglandins do? - ✔✔are like hormones, leukotrienes, also induce pain
promote inflammaiton and help resolve it
(constrict or dilate, form plt or break them up, open or close airways, constract smooth
muscle in GI or relax, uterine contractions)
NSAIDS block these to reduce pain
help clot, disolve clot for healing
recruit cells in allergic reaction
✔✔When are platelets activated? - ✔✔by tissue destruction and inflammation
