BIO 669 CORRECT EXAMS ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Effects of hypophosphatemia - ✔✔Reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red
blood cells, thus disturbed energy metabolism
Leukocyte and platelet dysfunction
Deranged nerve and muscle function
In severe cases, irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, possibly
respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone resorption
✔✔causes of hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss
of glomerular filtration
Treatment of metastatic tumors with chemotherapy that releases large amounts of
phosphate into serum
Long-term use of laxatives or enemas containing phosphates
Hypoparathyroidism
✔✔effects of hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Symptoms primarily related to low serum calcium
levels (caused by high phosphate levels) similar to the results of hypocalcemia
When prolonged, calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, joints
✔✔If H+ is high in number, pH is _____ - ✔✔low (acidic)
✔✔If H+ is low in number, pH is ____. - ✔✔high (alkalytic)
✔✔What works to correct acid-base balance faster, lungs or kidneys? - ✔✔Lungs
✔✔Body acids exist in two forms: - ✔✔volatile and nonvolatile
✔✔Body acids: volatile - ✔✔H2CO3 (eliminated as CO2 and H2O)
✔✔body acids: nonvolatile - ✔✔can not be converted into gas
sulfuric, phosphoric
eliminated by renal tubules through HCO3
, ✔✔What is a buffer? - ✔✔a chemical that can bind excessive H+ or OH- without a
significant change in pH
✔✔hemoglobin binds to hydrogen in ______ - ✔✔protein buffering
✔✔secretes H+ in urine and reabsorbs HCO3- in ______ - ✔✔renal buffering
✔✔low pH at injection spot= anesthesia is ________ - ✔✔less likely to work
✔✔carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - ✔✔chemical system that helps maintain
pH homeostasis of the blood
✔✔what are the major organs involved in the regulation of acid-base balance? -
✔✔bones, lungs, and kidneys
✔✔Carbonic acid can be broken down into what? - ✔✔CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O
(Water) or H+(hydrogen) and HCO3-(bicarbonate)
✔✔where does carbonic acid operate? - ✔✔kidneys and lungs
✔✔what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in a neutral pH? - ✔✔20:1 (Ratio
must be maintained even with increases and decreases)
✔✔how does respiratory compensate? - ✔✔Increase ventilation= expire CO2 (decrease
in CO2)
Decrease ventilation= retain CO2 (Increase or stay the same CO2)
✔✔How do the kidneys compensate? - ✔✔make urine more acidic or alkaline
✔✔In acidosis the body ______ H+ and _____ HCO3-bicarbonate (Base) -
✔✔Increases, decreases,
✔✔In alkalosis the body ______ H+ and ______ HCO3- Bicarbonate (Base) -
✔✔Decreases, increases
✔✔respiratory acidosis - ✔✔elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
✔✔respiratory alkalosis - ✔✔depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation
✔✔metabolic acidosis - ✔✔depression of HCO3- or an increase in noncarbonic acids
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Effects of hypophosphatemia - ✔✔Reduced capacity for oxygen transport by red
blood cells, thus disturbed energy metabolism
Leukocyte and platelet dysfunction
Deranged nerve and muscle function
In severe cases, irritability, confusion, numbness, coma, convulsions, possibly
respiratory failure, cardiomyopathies, bone resorption
✔✔causes of hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss
of glomerular filtration
Treatment of metastatic tumors with chemotherapy that releases large amounts of
phosphate into serum
Long-term use of laxatives or enemas containing phosphates
Hypoparathyroidism
✔✔effects of hyperphosphatemia - ✔✔Symptoms primarily related to low serum calcium
levels (caused by high phosphate levels) similar to the results of hypocalcemia
When prolonged, calcification of soft tissues in lungs, kidneys, joints
✔✔If H+ is high in number, pH is _____ - ✔✔low (acidic)
✔✔If H+ is low in number, pH is ____. - ✔✔high (alkalytic)
✔✔What works to correct acid-base balance faster, lungs or kidneys? - ✔✔Lungs
✔✔Body acids exist in two forms: - ✔✔volatile and nonvolatile
✔✔Body acids: volatile - ✔✔H2CO3 (eliminated as CO2 and H2O)
✔✔body acids: nonvolatile - ✔✔can not be converted into gas
sulfuric, phosphoric
eliminated by renal tubules through HCO3
, ✔✔What is a buffer? - ✔✔a chemical that can bind excessive H+ or OH- without a
significant change in pH
✔✔hemoglobin binds to hydrogen in ______ - ✔✔protein buffering
✔✔secretes H+ in urine and reabsorbs HCO3- in ______ - ✔✔renal buffering
✔✔low pH at injection spot= anesthesia is ________ - ✔✔less likely to work
✔✔carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - ✔✔chemical system that helps maintain
pH homeostasis of the blood
✔✔what are the major organs involved in the regulation of acid-base balance? -
✔✔bones, lungs, and kidneys
✔✔Carbonic acid can be broken down into what? - ✔✔CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O
(Water) or H+(hydrogen) and HCO3-(bicarbonate)
✔✔where does carbonic acid operate? - ✔✔kidneys and lungs
✔✔what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid in a neutral pH? - ✔✔20:1 (Ratio
must be maintained even with increases and decreases)
✔✔how does respiratory compensate? - ✔✔Increase ventilation= expire CO2 (decrease
in CO2)
Decrease ventilation= retain CO2 (Increase or stay the same CO2)
✔✔How do the kidneys compensate? - ✔✔make urine more acidic or alkaline
✔✔In acidosis the body ______ H+ and _____ HCO3-bicarbonate (Base) -
✔✔Increases, decreases,
✔✔In alkalosis the body ______ H+ and ______ HCO3- Bicarbonate (Base) -
✔✔Decreases, increases
✔✔respiratory acidosis - ✔✔elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
✔✔respiratory alkalosis - ✔✔depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation
✔✔metabolic acidosis - ✔✔depression of HCO3- or an increase in noncarbonic acids
