BIO 669 ACTUAL TIPS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔what is the amount of sodium in the intracellular fluid? - ✔✔12
✔✔what is the amount of chloride in the intracellular fluid? - ✔✔4
✔✔what is the amount of chloride in the extracellular? - ✔✔103
✔✔antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔promotes retention of water by kidneys
increases thirst
decreases urine
(made by hypothalamus and stored in post. pituitary gland)
(tells kidneys how much water to conserve, regulates water in the blood)
✔✔increased plasma= ______ water or _____ sodium - ✔✔decreased; increase
✔✔what stimulates ADH and thirst? - ✔✔baroreceptors and volume receptors (help to
regulate water concentrations, osmotic sensors react to high or low concentrations of
particles in blood like Na, K, Chl, c02. if too high or low , they pick up and tell kidneys to
store or release water to maintain healthy range. also regulate thirst
✔✔where is potassium most abundant? - ✔✔intracellular fluid
✔✔when pH is low (acid) what does potassium do? - ✔✔potassium moves to
extracellular fluid, by exchanging with hydrogen. Hydrogen moves into the intracellular
fluid (hydrogen allows cells to stay hydrated, transports waste and toxins out the body)
✔✔what regulates potassium concentration? - ✔✔aldosterone and natriuretic peptides.
✔✔renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ✔✔controls Na+ retention and thus
volume/pressure in the vascular system (activated when volume is low or decrease in
bp, decrease blood flow to kidneys, then renin (from kidneys) produces angiotensin
, which stimulates aldosterone to release , once body rehydrated these hormone levels
decrease)
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔preserves sodium in kidneys and increases plasma (blood volume
by causing bloodstream to reabsorb water from the increase Na) volume and BP by
excreting potassium in urine.
(secreted by adrenal gland, can increase the amount of Na conserved by kidneys and
sent into bloodstream) can control Bp
✔✔What do ACE inhibitors do? - ✔✔decrease sodium and volume= lowers BP by
inhiniting angiotensin II which narrown vessels to raise Bp
✔✔Natriuretic peptides - ✔✔removes sodium through kidneys to decrease fluid volume.
decreases BP, sodium, and fluid
✔✔what is Hypernatremia? - ✔✔increased fluid retention
sodium gain or water loss
water movement from ICF to ECF
Intracellular dehydration, cells shrink
(volume vessels increase causing rise in Bp and bounding pulses, weight gain)
✔✔hypernatremia manifestations - ✔✔increased water (water follow Na)
clinical-
thirst, weight gain, bounding pulse, increased BP
CNS-
Muscle twitching, hyperreflexia, confusion, coma, convulsion, and cerebral hemorrhage
✔✔Hypernatremia causes cells to _____ - ✔✔shrink
✔✔when does hyperchloremia occur? - ✔✔with hypernatremia and HCO3 loss/deficit
✔✔What is hyponatremia? - ✔✔decreased fluid retention. forces fluid into cells= edema
✔✔hyponatremia causes cell____ - ✔✔swelling (increase ICP, decrease reflexes,
lethargy)
✔✔manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔lethargy, seizures, coma, decreased reflexes
life-threatening- cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure
✔✔manifestations of water excess - ✔✔cerebral edema, muscle twitching, nausea,
weakness, headache, and weight gain
✔✔causes of hypochloremia - ✔✔severe vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suction
SET A+
✔✔what is the amount of sodium in the intracellular fluid? - ✔✔12
✔✔what is the amount of chloride in the intracellular fluid? - ✔✔4
✔✔what is the amount of chloride in the extracellular? - ✔✔103
✔✔antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - ✔✔promotes retention of water by kidneys
increases thirst
decreases urine
(made by hypothalamus and stored in post. pituitary gland)
(tells kidneys how much water to conserve, regulates water in the blood)
✔✔increased plasma= ______ water or _____ sodium - ✔✔decreased; increase
✔✔what stimulates ADH and thirst? - ✔✔baroreceptors and volume receptors (help to
regulate water concentrations, osmotic sensors react to high or low concentrations of
particles in blood like Na, K, Chl, c02. if too high or low , they pick up and tell kidneys to
store or release water to maintain healthy range. also regulate thirst
✔✔where is potassium most abundant? - ✔✔intracellular fluid
✔✔when pH is low (acid) what does potassium do? - ✔✔potassium moves to
extracellular fluid, by exchanging with hydrogen. Hydrogen moves into the intracellular
fluid (hydrogen allows cells to stay hydrated, transports waste and toxins out the body)
✔✔what regulates potassium concentration? - ✔✔aldosterone and natriuretic peptides.
✔✔renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - ✔✔controls Na+ retention and thus
volume/pressure in the vascular system (activated when volume is low or decrease in
bp, decrease blood flow to kidneys, then renin (from kidneys) produces angiotensin
, which stimulates aldosterone to release , once body rehydrated these hormone levels
decrease)
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔preserves sodium in kidneys and increases plasma (blood volume
by causing bloodstream to reabsorb water from the increase Na) volume and BP by
excreting potassium in urine.
(secreted by adrenal gland, can increase the amount of Na conserved by kidneys and
sent into bloodstream) can control Bp
✔✔What do ACE inhibitors do? - ✔✔decrease sodium and volume= lowers BP by
inhiniting angiotensin II which narrown vessels to raise Bp
✔✔Natriuretic peptides - ✔✔removes sodium through kidneys to decrease fluid volume.
decreases BP, sodium, and fluid
✔✔what is Hypernatremia? - ✔✔increased fluid retention
sodium gain or water loss
water movement from ICF to ECF
Intracellular dehydration, cells shrink
(volume vessels increase causing rise in Bp and bounding pulses, weight gain)
✔✔hypernatremia manifestations - ✔✔increased water (water follow Na)
clinical-
thirst, weight gain, bounding pulse, increased BP
CNS-
Muscle twitching, hyperreflexia, confusion, coma, convulsion, and cerebral hemorrhage
✔✔Hypernatremia causes cells to _____ - ✔✔shrink
✔✔when does hyperchloremia occur? - ✔✔with hypernatremia and HCO3 loss/deficit
✔✔What is hyponatremia? - ✔✔decreased fluid retention. forces fluid into cells= edema
✔✔hyponatremia causes cell____ - ✔✔swelling (increase ICP, decrease reflexes,
lethargy)
✔✔manifestations of hyponatremia - ✔✔lethargy, seizures, coma, decreased reflexes
life-threatening- cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure
✔✔manifestations of water excess - ✔✔cerebral edema, muscle twitching, nausea,
weakness, headache, and weight gain
✔✔causes of hypochloremia - ✔✔severe vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suction
