PHAR1101 UPDATED ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
Question:
1. ligand-gated ion channel
Answer:
CM fast neurotransmitters milliseconds
Question:
2. g-protein coupled receptors
Answer:
CM hormones, slow NT seconds
Question:
3. Enzyme-linked receptors
Answer:
CM cytokines, growth factors minutes
Question:
4. nuclear receptors
Answer:
found in cell nucleus (not on surface) of cell membrane steroid hormones hours
Question:
5. What do we really know about prehistorical medicine and pharmacology?
Answer:
- Almost no forms of modern-day traditional medicine can be authoritatively linked to prehistoric practice
- Diverse cultures are developed their own healing methods, including drug therapy
- These ways of healing were based on widely differing beliefs and practices
Question:
6. evidence of ancient medicines
Answer:
- Cave paintings
- Bones
- Tools
- Bog bodies and icemen o Tollund man + 12-24 hours before death ate a meal cooked clay pot + Cooked
porridge with barley and flax, maybe fish + Weed seeds + Infested with parasites - stomach contained
proteins and eggs form intestinal worms, contaminated food or water o Otzi + Physical stress in nails +
Parasites and pathogens in clothing + Lyme disease + Intestinal parasite + Tattoos at joints
Question:
7. evidence of medicinal drug use
,Answer:
- No conclusive physical evidence of prehistoric drug use as we would recognise it
- Plant remains found in prehistoric teeth and stomachs might have been food, rather than drug
- Pollen traces in a setting may not be indicative of medicinal plant use
- Can guess if we find local medicinal plants in a particular region
Question:
8. scientific method
Answer:
- Organised efforts
- To come up with explanations of nature,
- Always modifying and correcting these
- Through systematic observations
Question:
9. strengths of scientific method
Answer:
- Allows discovery to proceed in an organised way
- Eliminates a lot of repetition
- It encourages us to change or revise explanations - or questions, or hypotheses
- Provides a clear audit trail
- results should be communicable and replicable
- Speeds up innovation and makes it safer
Question:
10. hippocrates
Answer:
- Hippocratic approach did systemise description of disease duration (short and long term)
- Hippocratic approach did systemise some elements of basic clinical observation
- Did not use scientific method to develop hypotheses about illnesses and test different remedies
objectively illness caused by imbalance of four bodily humours
,Question:
11. humoural theory's legacy
Answer:
- Dominated Western medicine for centuries
- Was almost unbudgeable as a way of thinking about human body, health and illness
- Probably originated in observations that were misplaced
- It was not tested using scientific method
- Doctors themselves supported and promoted this theory
Question:
12. how the scientific method got involved in medicine and pharmacology
Answer:
- 18th century European philosophy o Rationalism: we acquire knowledge through use of reason rather
than from received ideas o Inductivism: we can observe nature and then develop laws based on
observations which can be tested and confirmed o Empiricism: descriptions of things based on
observations and experience, which indicates that a particular phenomenon is testable
Question:
13. how do we measure the success of a drug?
Answer:
- measure reduction in deaths caused by a particular disease
- measure closure of hospitals such as TB facilities or mental hospitals
- Don't capture all effects of a drug on society: o Eg. mental hospital closures only tell us that mental
hospital closed o Not a good measure of whether quality of life of former patients improved or not
- It's almost impossible to measure effects of ancient drugs on populations because of confounding effects
Question:
14. The Pozzino shipwreck cargo - 'medicine chest'
, Answer:
- Nearly 2000 y.o
- Discovered in 1974, excavated 1989-90
- Doctors chest, including numerous wooden and tin vials, some medical instruments as well
- X-rays of sealed container = five tablets, each about 4cm wide by 1 cm thick
- Samples zinc 75% - smithsonite (zinc carbonate) and hydrozincite (zinc hydroxycarbonate)
- Also contained small amounts of animal and vegetal lipids, beeswax, pine resin, pollen and starch grains
- Pliny and Dioscorides both describe how zinc compounds used to treat eyes and skin complaints
- Calamine lotion today
- Collyria?
- Pine resin to prevent microbial degradation?
- Pine resin an active ingredient?
Question:
15. Psychoactive/CNS stimulating plants
Answer:
- Hemp plants - leave and buds
- Opium poppy - seed-head
- Coca leaves - chewed
- Betal nut - chewed
- Kava leaves - chewed
- Tobacco
- Peyote - cactus that produces mescalin
- Mushrooms - psilocybin
Question:
16. Mineral sources
Answer:
- Clay - kaolinite
- Chalk
- Red ochre - iron salts
- Mercury - syphilis?
- Arsenic
- Metal containers - bronze
- Verdigris - copper carbonate, artist's pigment
- Gold, silver, antimony, zinc
Question:
17. Pedanius Dioscorides
Answer:
- Author of "De Materia Medica"
- Describes about 600 plants
- Contains some magical uses for plants
Question:
18. Roman medicine
- Galen of Pergamon
ANSWERS
Question:
1. ligand-gated ion channel
Answer:
CM fast neurotransmitters milliseconds
Question:
2. g-protein coupled receptors
Answer:
CM hormones, slow NT seconds
Question:
3. Enzyme-linked receptors
Answer:
CM cytokines, growth factors minutes
Question:
4. nuclear receptors
Answer:
found in cell nucleus (not on surface) of cell membrane steroid hormones hours
Question:
5. What do we really know about prehistorical medicine and pharmacology?
Answer:
- Almost no forms of modern-day traditional medicine can be authoritatively linked to prehistoric practice
- Diverse cultures are developed their own healing methods, including drug therapy
- These ways of healing were based on widely differing beliefs and practices
Question:
6. evidence of ancient medicines
Answer:
- Cave paintings
- Bones
- Tools
- Bog bodies and icemen o Tollund man + 12-24 hours before death ate a meal cooked clay pot + Cooked
porridge with barley and flax, maybe fish + Weed seeds + Infested with parasites - stomach contained
proteins and eggs form intestinal worms, contaminated food or water o Otzi + Physical stress in nails +
Parasites and pathogens in clothing + Lyme disease + Intestinal parasite + Tattoos at joints
Question:
7. evidence of medicinal drug use
,Answer:
- No conclusive physical evidence of prehistoric drug use as we would recognise it
- Plant remains found in prehistoric teeth and stomachs might have been food, rather than drug
- Pollen traces in a setting may not be indicative of medicinal plant use
- Can guess if we find local medicinal plants in a particular region
Question:
8. scientific method
Answer:
- Organised efforts
- To come up with explanations of nature,
- Always modifying and correcting these
- Through systematic observations
Question:
9. strengths of scientific method
Answer:
- Allows discovery to proceed in an organised way
- Eliminates a lot of repetition
- It encourages us to change or revise explanations - or questions, or hypotheses
- Provides a clear audit trail
- results should be communicable and replicable
- Speeds up innovation and makes it safer
Question:
10. hippocrates
Answer:
- Hippocratic approach did systemise description of disease duration (short and long term)
- Hippocratic approach did systemise some elements of basic clinical observation
- Did not use scientific method to develop hypotheses about illnesses and test different remedies
objectively illness caused by imbalance of four bodily humours
,Question:
11. humoural theory's legacy
Answer:
- Dominated Western medicine for centuries
- Was almost unbudgeable as a way of thinking about human body, health and illness
- Probably originated in observations that were misplaced
- It was not tested using scientific method
- Doctors themselves supported and promoted this theory
Question:
12. how the scientific method got involved in medicine and pharmacology
Answer:
- 18th century European philosophy o Rationalism: we acquire knowledge through use of reason rather
than from received ideas o Inductivism: we can observe nature and then develop laws based on
observations which can be tested and confirmed o Empiricism: descriptions of things based on
observations and experience, which indicates that a particular phenomenon is testable
Question:
13. how do we measure the success of a drug?
Answer:
- measure reduction in deaths caused by a particular disease
- measure closure of hospitals such as TB facilities or mental hospitals
- Don't capture all effects of a drug on society: o Eg. mental hospital closures only tell us that mental
hospital closed o Not a good measure of whether quality of life of former patients improved or not
- It's almost impossible to measure effects of ancient drugs on populations because of confounding effects
Question:
14. The Pozzino shipwreck cargo - 'medicine chest'
, Answer:
- Nearly 2000 y.o
- Discovered in 1974, excavated 1989-90
- Doctors chest, including numerous wooden and tin vials, some medical instruments as well
- X-rays of sealed container = five tablets, each about 4cm wide by 1 cm thick
- Samples zinc 75% - smithsonite (zinc carbonate) and hydrozincite (zinc hydroxycarbonate)
- Also contained small amounts of animal and vegetal lipids, beeswax, pine resin, pollen and starch grains
- Pliny and Dioscorides both describe how zinc compounds used to treat eyes and skin complaints
- Calamine lotion today
- Collyria?
- Pine resin to prevent microbial degradation?
- Pine resin an active ingredient?
Question:
15. Psychoactive/CNS stimulating plants
Answer:
- Hemp plants - leave and buds
- Opium poppy - seed-head
- Coca leaves - chewed
- Betal nut - chewed
- Kava leaves - chewed
- Tobacco
- Peyote - cactus that produces mescalin
- Mushrooms - psilocybin
Question:
16. Mineral sources
Answer:
- Clay - kaolinite
- Chalk
- Red ochre - iron salts
- Mercury - syphilis?
- Arsenic
- Metal containers - bronze
- Verdigris - copper carbonate, artist's pigment
- Gold, silver, antimony, zinc
Question:
17. Pedanius Dioscorides
Answer:
- Author of "De Materia Medica"
- Describes about 600 plants
- Contains some magical uses for plants
Question:
18. Roman medicine
- Galen of Pergamon
