QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TECHNIQUES
STATISTICS EXAM SCRIPT VERIFIED
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS
●● Questions answered by quantitative methods
Answer: They mainly answer 'what,' 'how many,' and 'how much,'
because they measure variables numerically rather than primarily
exploring subjective meaning or 'why.'
●● Objective measurement
Answer: Using strict protocols and standardized instruments so that
observations are measured in the same way across people, cases, or time
points.
●● Numerical data
Answer: Data where behaviors, opinions, events, or characteristics are
converted into numbers that can be summarized and analyzed
statistically.
●● Statistical analysis in quantitative research
Answer: Using mathematics to identify patterns, test hypotheses,
estimate relationships, and evaluate whether observed differences are
likely meaningful or random.
,●● Objectivism
Answer: The belief that an objective reality exists independently of
human perception; researchers try to remain detached and unbiased to
discover measurable truths.
●● Empiricism
Answer: The idea that knowledge should come from observable
evidence and sensory experience rather than intuition, speculation, or
unmeasured theory alone.
●● Deductive logic
Answer: A top-down approach: start with theory, formulate hypotheses,
collect data, and then confirm or reject the assumptions systematically.
●● Descriptive research
Answer: A quantitative design that describes the current status of
variables, often through surveys or polls. It answers 'what is?'
●● Correlational research
Answer: A design that investigates the strength and direction of
relationships between two or more variables, often using scatter plots,
covariance, or correlation.
●● Experimental research
,Answer: A design that manipulates an independent variable and uses
control/comparison groups to establish cause-and-effect relationships
under controlled conditions.
●● Why correlation does not prove causation
Answer: A correlation only shows that variables move together. It does
not rule out confounders, reverse causality, selection effects, or
coincidence.
●● Vector
Answer: A list or n-tuple of numbers representing attributes of a case,
such as customer age, income, and spending.
●● Matrix
Answer: A rectangular grid of numbers with rows and columns, useful
for storing and processing batch data such as inventory by region and
product category.
●● Optimization
Answer: Finding the best maximum or minimum value of an objective
function under constraints such as budget, labor, time, or capacity.
●● Marginal analysis
, Answer: A decision logic asking whether one additional unit is worth
producing or buying by comparing marginal revenue with marginal cost.
●● Profit maximization rule
Answer: Profit is maximized where marginal revenue equals marginal
cost: MR = MC. If MR > MC, producing more adds profit; if MR < MC,
producing more reduces profit.
●● Maximin strategy
Answer: A conservative decision strategy that chooses the best of the
worst-case outcomes; useful when avoiding loss matters more than
maximizing upside.
●● Maximax strategy
Answer: A risk-seeking decision strategy that chooses the alternative
with the best possible upside, even if uncertainty and potential losses are
higher.
●● Levels of measurement
Answer: They determine which summaries, formulas, and statistical
tests are meaningful for a variable.
●● Nominal data
STATISTICS EXAM SCRIPT VERIFIED
QUESTIONS WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS
●● Questions answered by quantitative methods
Answer: They mainly answer 'what,' 'how many,' and 'how much,'
because they measure variables numerically rather than primarily
exploring subjective meaning or 'why.'
●● Objective measurement
Answer: Using strict protocols and standardized instruments so that
observations are measured in the same way across people, cases, or time
points.
●● Numerical data
Answer: Data where behaviors, opinions, events, or characteristics are
converted into numbers that can be summarized and analyzed
statistically.
●● Statistical analysis in quantitative research
Answer: Using mathematics to identify patterns, test hypotheses,
estimate relationships, and evaluate whether observed differences are
likely meaningful or random.
,●● Objectivism
Answer: The belief that an objective reality exists independently of
human perception; researchers try to remain detached and unbiased to
discover measurable truths.
●● Empiricism
Answer: The idea that knowledge should come from observable
evidence and sensory experience rather than intuition, speculation, or
unmeasured theory alone.
●● Deductive logic
Answer: A top-down approach: start with theory, formulate hypotheses,
collect data, and then confirm or reject the assumptions systematically.
●● Descriptive research
Answer: A quantitative design that describes the current status of
variables, often through surveys or polls. It answers 'what is?'
●● Correlational research
Answer: A design that investigates the strength and direction of
relationships between two or more variables, often using scatter plots,
covariance, or correlation.
●● Experimental research
,Answer: A design that manipulates an independent variable and uses
control/comparison groups to establish cause-and-effect relationships
under controlled conditions.
●● Why correlation does not prove causation
Answer: A correlation only shows that variables move together. It does
not rule out confounders, reverse causality, selection effects, or
coincidence.
●● Vector
Answer: A list or n-tuple of numbers representing attributes of a case,
such as customer age, income, and spending.
●● Matrix
Answer: A rectangular grid of numbers with rows and columns, useful
for storing and processing batch data such as inventory by region and
product category.
●● Optimization
Answer: Finding the best maximum or minimum value of an objective
function under constraints such as budget, labor, time, or capacity.
●● Marginal analysis
, Answer: A decision logic asking whether one additional unit is worth
producing or buying by comparing marginal revenue with marginal cost.
●● Profit maximization rule
Answer: Profit is maximized where marginal revenue equals marginal
cost: MR = MC. If MR > MC, producing more adds profit; if MR < MC,
producing more reduces profit.
●● Maximin strategy
Answer: A conservative decision strategy that chooses the best of the
worst-case outcomes; useful when avoiding loss matters more than
maximizing upside.
●● Maximax strategy
Answer: A risk-seeking decision strategy that chooses the alternative
with the best possible upside, even if uncertainty and potential losses are
higher.
●● Levels of measurement
Answer: They determine which summaries, formulas, and statistical
tests are meaningful for a variable.
●● Nominal data
