WGU D426 DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which normal form requires the removal of transitive dependencies, ensuring that non-key
attributes depend only on the primary key?
A. Third Normal Form (3NF)
B. Second Normal Form (2NF)
C. First Normal Form (1NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: 3NF requires a table to be in 2NF and have no transitive
dependencies, meaning non-prime attributes must depend solely on the primary key.
2. In the ACID properties of a database transaction, which property ensures that all
operations within a transaction are completed successfully or none are?
A. Durability
B. Consistency
C. Isolation
D. Atomicity
,Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single ‘unit’,
which either succeeds completely or fails completely.
3. What does a double-line notation (or a specific circle/line combination) represent in an ER
diagram regarding modality?
A. Mandatory relationship
B. Optional relationship
C. Many-to-many relationship
D. Recursive relationship
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: In modality, a mandatory relationship indicates that an instance
in one entity must be associated with at least one instance in the related entity.
4. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. HAVING
D. GROUP BY
Answer: C
, Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause is used specifically to filter groups created
by the GROUP BY clause based on aggregate results.
5. A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and contains no what?
A. Transitive dependencies
B. Repeating groups
C. Multi-valued attributes
D. Partial functional dependencies
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) requires that all non-key attributes
are fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, not just part of it.
6. Which type of join returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right
table, filling with NULLs where there is no match?
A. INNER JOIN
B. FULL OUTER JOIN
C. LEFT JOIN
D. CROSS JOIN
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN) returns all records from the
left table and the matched records from the right table.
FOUNDATIONS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which normal form requires the removal of transitive dependencies, ensuring that non-key
attributes depend only on the primary key?
A. Third Normal Form (3NF)
B. Second Normal Form (2NF)
C. First Normal Form (1NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: 3NF requires a table to be in 2NF and have no transitive
dependencies, meaning non-prime attributes must depend solely on the primary key.
2. In the ACID properties of a database transaction, which property ensures that all
operations within a transaction are completed successfully or none are?
A. Durability
B. Consistency
C. Isolation
D. Atomicity
,Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Atomicity ensures that a transaction is treated as a single ‘unit’,
which either succeeds completely or fails completely.
3. What does a double-line notation (or a specific circle/line combination) represent in an ER
diagram regarding modality?
A. Mandatory relationship
B. Optional relationship
C. Many-to-many relationship
D. Recursive relationship
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: In modality, a mandatory relationship indicates that an instance
in one entity must be associated with at least one instance in the related entity.
4. Which SQL clause is used to filter the results of an aggregate function?
A. WHERE
B. ORDER BY
C. HAVING
D. GROUP BY
Answer: C
, Conceptual Explanation: The HAVING clause is used specifically to filter groups created
by the GROUP BY clause based on aggregate results.
5. A table is in 2NF if it is in 1NF and contains no what?
A. Transitive dependencies
B. Repeating groups
C. Multi-valued attributes
D. Partial functional dependencies
Answer: D
Conceptual Explanation: Second Normal Form (2NF) requires that all non-key attributes
are fully functionally dependent on the entire primary key, not just part of it.
6. Which type of join returns all rows from the left table and the matched rows from the right
table, filling with NULLs where there is no match?
A. INNER JOIN
B. FULL OUTER JOIN
C. LEFT JOIN
D. CROSS JOIN
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A LEFT JOIN (or LEFT OUTER JOIN) returns all records from the
left table and the matched records from the right table.
