WGU D426 V3 DATA MANAGEMENT
FOUNDATIONS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which component of a database management system is responsible for ensuring the
‘Durability’ property of ACID transactions?
A. Transaction Log
B. Query Optimizer
C. Data Dictionary
D. Buffer Manager
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The transaction log records all changes made to the database. In
the event of a system failure, the log is used to ensure that committed transactions are
permanently recorded, satisfying the Durability requirement.
2. In an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), if a relationship has a minimum cardinality of 1
and a maximum cardinality of 1 for both entities, what type of relationship is it?
A. One-to-Many mandatory
,B. One-to-One optional
C. One-to-One mandatory
D. Many-to-Many mandatory
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A minimum cardinality of 1 indicates the relationship is
mandatory, and a maximum of 1 indicates a ‘one’ relationship. Therefore, it is a one-to-one
mandatory relationship.
3. Which normal form specifically addresses the removal of transitive dependencies?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Third Normal Form (3NF) requires that a table is in 2NF and
that all non-key attributes are functionally dependent only on the primary key, effectively
removing transitive dependencies.
4. A composite primary key is defined as:
A. A primary key consisting of two or more columns.
B. A primary key that automatically increments.
, C. A foreign key that references multiple tables.
D. A key used only for indexing purposes.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A composite primary key uses more than one attribute (column)
to uniquely identify a row in a table.
5. What is the correct logical order of execution for a SQL SELECT statement?
A. SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY
B. FROM, WHERE, SELECT, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY
C. FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, SELECT, ORDER BY
D. SELECT, FROM, ORDER BY, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: SQL executes clauses in this order: FROM (identify tables),
WHERE (filter rows), GROUP BY (aggregate), HAVING (filter groups), SELECT (return
columns), and finally ORDER BY (sort).
6. A ‘weak entity’ in an ERD is characterized by:
A. Only appearing in many-to-many relationships.
B. Having multiple multi-valued attributes.
C. Being a table with only one column.
FOUNDATIONS FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Which component of a database management system is responsible for ensuring the
‘Durability’ property of ACID transactions?
A. Transaction Log
B. Query Optimizer
C. Data Dictionary
D. Buffer Manager
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: The transaction log records all changes made to the database. In
the event of a system failure, the log is used to ensure that committed transactions are
permanently recorded, satisfying the Durability requirement.
2. In an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), if a relationship has a minimum cardinality of 1
and a maximum cardinality of 1 for both entities, what type of relationship is it?
A. One-to-Many mandatory
,B. One-to-One optional
C. One-to-One mandatory
D. Many-to-Many mandatory
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: A minimum cardinality of 1 indicates the relationship is
mandatory, and a maximum of 1 indicates a ‘one’ relationship. Therefore, it is a one-to-one
mandatory relationship.
3. Which normal form specifically addresses the removal of transitive dependencies?
A. First Normal Form (1NF)
B. Third Normal Form (3NF)
C. Second Normal Form (2NF)
D. Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)
Answer: B
Conceptual Explanation: Third Normal Form (3NF) requires that a table is in 2NF and
that all non-key attributes are functionally dependent only on the primary key, effectively
removing transitive dependencies.
4. A composite primary key is defined as:
A. A primary key consisting of two or more columns.
B. A primary key that automatically increments.
, C. A foreign key that references multiple tables.
D. A key used only for indexing purposes.
Answer: A
Conceptual Explanation: A composite primary key uses more than one attribute (column)
to uniquely identify a row in a table.
5. What is the correct logical order of execution for a SQL SELECT statement?
A. SELECT, FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY
B. FROM, WHERE, SELECT, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY
C. FROM, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, SELECT, ORDER BY
D. SELECT, FROM, ORDER BY, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING
Answer: C
Conceptual Explanation: SQL executes clauses in this order: FROM (identify tables),
WHERE (filter rows), GROUP BY (aggregate), HAVING (filter groups), SELECT (return
columns), and finally ORDER BY (sort).
6. A ‘weak entity’ in an ERD is characterized by:
A. Only appearing in many-to-many relationships.
B. Having multiple multi-valued attributes.
C. Being a table with only one column.
