PORTAGE CHEM 219
MODULE 6 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 .
,1. to turn the carbonyl group of the amide into a methylene group (-CH2-). ✔✔ ANSW The ettect of the reduction of an
amide with LiAlH4 is??
2. True ✔✔ ANSW True or False ✔✔ ANSW Nitriles can be reduced with chemical reducing agents (like LiAlH4) or by catalytic hydro-genation (H2 (g)/Ni) to
primary amines.
3. reductive amination ✔✔ ANSW Amines can be synthesized in a single pot by treating an aldehyde or ketone with ammonia (or another amine) in the
presence of a reducing agent. This reaction is known as a
4. reductive amination ✔✔ ANSW In laboratory practice, is the preferred method for the synthesis of amines (as compared to
direct alkylation), as it avoids the potential for polyalkylation and the production of a mixture of products.
5. amines, amides, and nitriles. ✔✔ ANSW Outside of the halogens and oxygen, inclusion of nitrogen as a heteroatom or as part of a functional
grouping creates another series of important families of organic molecules, namely, , , and
6. positive ✔✔ ANSW Compounds with four groups attached to the nitrogen are known as quaternary amines. Based on the rules for formal charge, the nitrogen
atom of these compounds carries a charge, and these compounds exist as salts (quaternary amine cation plus an anion).
7. sp3 ✔✔ ANSW What is the nitrogen hybridization in an amine
8. the electronic geometry is tetrahedral, and the molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal ✔✔ ANSW What is
the molecular and electrical geometry of an amine
9. 108 ✔✔ ANSW The bond angles of amines are roughly °, which is very close to the ideal geometry of 109.5° predicted for a regular tetrahedron.
10. the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. ✔✔ ANSW The chemistry of all aminesisdominated by??
11. Ammonia can be reacted with alkyl halides to produce amines via a
two-step reaction. The first step involves ammonia acting as a nucleophile to displace a halide ion via an SN2
reaction. This produces an alkylammoni-um halide salt (quaternary amine and halide ion). In a second step,
sodium hydroxide (a base) is added to deprotonate the alkylammonium cation to produce the "free base" of the
amine. ✔✔ ANSW Describe this reaction
12. This method of amine synthesis is simple and has the advantage that any subclassification of amines (1°, 2°,
, 3°, or quaternary) can be produced.
A distinct disadvantage to this method is that no reaction stops cleanly after a single alkylation. Since all amines
can be alkylated, the amine product produced in each reaction can be further alkylated. All amines (1°, 2°, 3°) have
roughly the same reactivity, and the products will undergo further reaction, yielding a mixture of products. The
ideal goal in a synthesis is to get a high yield of a single (pure) product. Forming a mixture of products lowers the
overall yield of the desired target molecule and requires separation of the mixture to isolate the desired
compound from the others.
**One way that the formation of the desired product can be influenced is to use large concentrations of the
ammonia (or amine) to be alkylated. Having a large excess of reagent helps to minimize the probability of
reaction between a product amine and the alkyl halide, which would result in polyalkylation. ✔✔ ANSW What is an
advantage and disadvantage for the Synthesis of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia?
13. reduced
**One approach to the synthesis of amines is therefore the reduction of compounds with nitrogen in more
oxidized forms. ✔✔ ANSW The nitrogen atom of an amine is in a state, meaning all bonds to the nitrogen are to either carbon or hydrogen.
14. Catalytic hydrogenation ✔✔ ANSW uses the high pressures of hydrogen gas in conjunction with a metal catalyst, such as nickel
or platinum. This is a surface-catalyzed reaction, meaning the reactant molecules (H2 and the nitro compound) are adsorbed to the surface of the metal where the reduction
takes place. The reduced product (amine) then desorbs from the surface of the metal back into the reaction mixture
15. primary, secondary, or even tertiary ✔✔ ANSW Depending on the structure of the starting amide that is reduced, it is possible to produce
amines by reduction.
16. The reduction of a nitrile has a similar effect to the reduction of an amide. The carbon atom of the cyano
group is converted to a methylene (-CH2-) and the nitrogen of the cyano group is converted into an -NH2. ✔✔
ANSW How are nitriles reduced to amines?
MODULE 6 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 .
,1. to turn the carbonyl group of the amide into a methylene group (-CH2-). ✔✔ ANSW The ettect of the reduction of an
amide with LiAlH4 is??
2. True ✔✔ ANSW True or False ✔✔ ANSW Nitriles can be reduced with chemical reducing agents (like LiAlH4) or by catalytic hydro-genation (H2 (g)/Ni) to
primary amines.
3. reductive amination ✔✔ ANSW Amines can be synthesized in a single pot by treating an aldehyde or ketone with ammonia (or another amine) in the
presence of a reducing agent. This reaction is known as a
4. reductive amination ✔✔ ANSW In laboratory practice, is the preferred method for the synthesis of amines (as compared to
direct alkylation), as it avoids the potential for polyalkylation and the production of a mixture of products.
5. amines, amides, and nitriles. ✔✔ ANSW Outside of the halogens and oxygen, inclusion of nitrogen as a heteroatom or as part of a functional
grouping creates another series of important families of organic molecules, namely, , , and
6. positive ✔✔ ANSW Compounds with four groups attached to the nitrogen are known as quaternary amines. Based on the rules for formal charge, the nitrogen
atom of these compounds carries a charge, and these compounds exist as salts (quaternary amine cation plus an anion).
7. sp3 ✔✔ ANSW What is the nitrogen hybridization in an amine
8. the electronic geometry is tetrahedral, and the molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal ✔✔ ANSW What is
the molecular and electrical geometry of an amine
9. 108 ✔✔ ANSW The bond angles of amines are roughly °, which is very close to the ideal geometry of 109.5° predicted for a regular tetrahedron.
10. the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom. ✔✔ ANSW The chemistry of all aminesisdominated by??
11. Ammonia can be reacted with alkyl halides to produce amines via a
two-step reaction. The first step involves ammonia acting as a nucleophile to displace a halide ion via an SN2
reaction. This produces an alkylammoni-um halide salt (quaternary amine and halide ion). In a second step,
sodium hydroxide (a base) is added to deprotonate the alkylammonium cation to produce the "free base" of the
amine. ✔✔ ANSW Describe this reaction
12. This method of amine synthesis is simple and has the advantage that any subclassification of amines (1°, 2°,
, 3°, or quaternary) can be produced.
A distinct disadvantage to this method is that no reaction stops cleanly after a single alkylation. Since all amines
can be alkylated, the amine product produced in each reaction can be further alkylated. All amines (1°, 2°, 3°) have
roughly the same reactivity, and the products will undergo further reaction, yielding a mixture of products. The
ideal goal in a synthesis is to get a high yield of a single (pure) product. Forming a mixture of products lowers the
overall yield of the desired target molecule and requires separation of the mixture to isolate the desired
compound from the others.
**One way that the formation of the desired product can be influenced is to use large concentrations of the
ammonia (or amine) to be alkylated. Having a large excess of reagent helps to minimize the probability of
reaction between a product amine and the alkyl halide, which would result in polyalkylation. ✔✔ ANSW What is an
advantage and disadvantage for the Synthesis of Amines by Alkylation of Ammonia?
13. reduced
**One approach to the synthesis of amines is therefore the reduction of compounds with nitrogen in more
oxidized forms. ✔✔ ANSW The nitrogen atom of an amine is in a state, meaning all bonds to the nitrogen are to either carbon or hydrogen.
14. Catalytic hydrogenation ✔✔ ANSW uses the high pressures of hydrogen gas in conjunction with a metal catalyst, such as nickel
or platinum. This is a surface-catalyzed reaction, meaning the reactant molecules (H2 and the nitro compound) are adsorbed to the surface of the metal where the reduction
takes place. The reduced product (amine) then desorbs from the surface of the metal back into the reaction mixture
15. primary, secondary, or even tertiary ✔✔ ANSW Depending on the structure of the starting amide that is reduced, it is possible to produce
amines by reduction.
16. The reduction of a nitrile has a similar effect to the reduction of an amide. The carbon atom of the cyano
group is converted to a methylene (-CH2-) and the nitrogen of the cyano group is converted into an -NH2. ✔✔
ANSW How are nitriles reduced to amines?
