Pharmacology Module 2
exam predictor 2026
Questions and Answers
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, Terms in this set (143)
identification of teratogens difficult to identify, 3 criteria must be met:
1. The agent must be present during the critical stage of
development
2. The agent produces a particular pattern of birth defects in
animal studies.
3.The agent crosses the placenta and there is a dose-response
relationship.
3 stages of teratogenesis development 1. conception through week 2
2.embryonic period week 3-8 = gross malformations
3.fetal period week 9-delivery = functions disrupted w/ teratogen
exposure
physiologic changes during pregnancy & drug - 3rd trimester = renal blood doubles, renal excretion accelerated
impact - tone and mobility of bowel decreases -> prolongation of drug effects
placental drug transfer all drugs can cross the placenta, some cross more easily than others
adverse reactions during pregnancy can adversely affect both pregnant pt and fetus
- heparin -> osteoporosis
- prostaglandins -> stimulate uterine contraction
- some pain relievers can be used during delivery can cause
respiratory depression in baby
teratogenesis birth defects gross malformations = cleft palate, clubfoot, hydrocephalus
neurobehavioral & metabolic anomalies
responding to teratogen exposure Determine when the drug was taken
Determine when the pregnancy began
-Weeks 3-8 (organogenesis) is most crucial time
Determine type of malformation expected
Conduct 2 US and consult FDA to determine severity
how to decrease risk of drug effects during - take drugs immediately after breastfeeding
breastfeeding - avoid drugs w/ long half-lives
- choose drugs that tend to be excluded from milk, least likely to
affect infant
- avoid hazardous drugs
pediatric response to drugs - more sensitive to drugs
- greater individual variation
- sensitivity d/t organ system immaturity
- increased risk for adverse rxns
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