A4M CORRECT FINALS ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS
SET A+
✔✔Type of dementia most commonly caused by abnormalities on tau protein.
Characterized by uninhibited behavior, primary aphasia, lack of insight - ✔✔Frontal
Lobe Dementia
✔✔What area of the adrenal gland are the sex hormones produced? - ✔✔Zona
reticularis
✔✔Where is aldosterone produced in adrenal gland? - ✔✔Zona granulosa (outer layer)
✔✔T or F: both Curcumin and Resveratrol cross the BBB and are helpful in treatment of
both TBI and dementia - ✔✔True. Resveratrol improves beta amyloid clearance from
brain.
✔✔How many genes do humans have? - ✔✔Humans have 23,000 genes - only 1.5% of
which code for proteins
✔✔Which estrogen metabolite is protective against breast and ovarian cancer? - ✔✔2
methoxy estrone
✔✔T or F: High blood insulin levels inhibit the conversion of saturated fatty acids to
MUFA's, leading to elevated blood triglycerides - ✔✔True
✔✔What is the first sign of pancreatic insufficiency? - ✔✔Deficiency in pancreatic lipase
or elastase.
✔✔How do nutrients such as carnosine and vitamin B1 help to reduce HA1c? -
✔✔Interferes with glycosylation of proteins
,✔✔What is Type 2 hypothyroidism? - ✔✔Reduction in thyroid hormone receptor
sensitivity - associated with normal serum levels of all thyroid hormones but sx of
hypothyroidism. Receptor sensitivity can be affected by iron levels and Vitamin D.
✔✔Which nutrients impact T4 to T3 conversion? - ✔✔Selenium, zinc
✔✔T or F: serum calcium levels are an accurate predictor of bodily calcium stores -
✔✔False. Serum calcium is tightly regulated by PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D. If serum
calcium is low, bone will be resorbed to replete levels.
✔✔Which element is present in highest amount in the human body? - ✔✔calcium (total
body calcium = 1000 grams)
✔✔What is the second most abundant mineral in the body? - ✔✔Phosphorous
✔✔What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ✔✔histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lycine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
✔✔What amino acids are "conditionally" essential? - ✔✔Arginine, glutamine, glycine,
and taurine
✔✔What is the best method for determining amino acid status? - ✔✔Plasma levels
✔✔In what disease states is low homocysteine seen? - ✔✔Autism & ADHD. Methionine
can be supplemented in these instances.
✔✔What are the primary lymphoid tissues? - ✔✔Thymus, fetal liver, and bone marrow
✔✔What is the prevalence of Hashimoto's disease in the US population? - ✔✔13%
✔✔What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? - ✔✔Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,
Peyer's patches (gut)
✔✔What are signs / symptoms of low T3 in cardiovascular disease? - ✔✔Bradycardia,
narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, elevated CRP, inflammatory markers
and homocysteine
✔✔T or F: T3 therapy is antiarrhythmic - ✔✔T
✔✔What is the strongest independent predictor of death in cardiac patients - ✔✔Low
fT3
, ✔✔What enzyme(s) does progesterone act on in hormonal pathway? -
✔✔Progesterone has actions as both an aromatase inhibitor as well as a 5-alpha-
reductase inhibitor
✔✔Mechanisms of action of melatonin on inflammation - ✔✔- Inhibits COX-2 & Nuclar
Factor Kappa Beta
- Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines
- Most effective scavenger of hydroxyl radical
- Endogenously protects mitochondria and nuclear DNA from injury and oxidation
- Stimulates superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
- Increases free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of glutathione, Vit E, Vit C
- Protects against cellular and DNA damage from ionizing radiation and reperfusion
injury
✔✔T or F: growth hormone peaks at puberty and starts to decline at age 21 - ✔✔True
✔✔Main estrogen produced in the post-menpausal woman - ✔✔Estrone
✔✔T or F: obese women have higher estrone: estradiol ratio than non-obese women -
✔✔True
✔✔Strongest estrogen in body - ✔✔Estradiol
✔✔T or F: 16-hydroxyestrone does not stimulate cells to divide - ✔✔False. 16-OHE
bind strongly to special receptors inside of cells and increase rate of DNA synthesis
✔✔How much of a female's total testosterone level is free? - ✔✔1%
✔✔What conditions are associated with high levels of 16-OHE? - ✔✔Obesity,
hypothyroidism, pesticide exposure, omega-6 FA excess, inflammatory cytokines
✔✔T or F: Testosterone, when given without estradiol in a woman, increases the risk of
MI by increasing plaque formation in heart vessels - ✔✔T
✔✔What is the central killing mechanism of neutrophils? - ✔✔NADPH oxidase, which
generates high levels of superoxide, a ROS. Superoxide combines with NO to form
peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide.
✔✔How do activated macrophages contribute to tissue damage during prolonged
immune activation? - ✔✔Macrophages contain surface glutamate receptors that, when
activated, cause tissue damage. Macrophages readily enter the brain and spinal cord,
transform into microglia, and release cytokines, chemokines, interferons and other
ecitotoxic molecules.
SET A+
✔✔Type of dementia most commonly caused by abnormalities on tau protein.
Characterized by uninhibited behavior, primary aphasia, lack of insight - ✔✔Frontal
Lobe Dementia
✔✔What area of the adrenal gland are the sex hormones produced? - ✔✔Zona
reticularis
✔✔Where is aldosterone produced in adrenal gland? - ✔✔Zona granulosa (outer layer)
✔✔T or F: both Curcumin and Resveratrol cross the BBB and are helpful in treatment of
both TBI and dementia - ✔✔True. Resveratrol improves beta amyloid clearance from
brain.
✔✔How many genes do humans have? - ✔✔Humans have 23,000 genes - only 1.5% of
which code for proteins
✔✔Which estrogen metabolite is protective against breast and ovarian cancer? - ✔✔2
methoxy estrone
✔✔T or F: High blood insulin levels inhibit the conversion of saturated fatty acids to
MUFA's, leading to elevated blood triglycerides - ✔✔True
✔✔What is the first sign of pancreatic insufficiency? - ✔✔Deficiency in pancreatic lipase
or elastase.
✔✔How do nutrients such as carnosine and vitamin B1 help to reduce HA1c? -
✔✔Interferes with glycosylation of proteins
,✔✔What is Type 2 hypothyroidism? - ✔✔Reduction in thyroid hormone receptor
sensitivity - associated with normal serum levels of all thyroid hormones but sx of
hypothyroidism. Receptor sensitivity can be affected by iron levels and Vitamin D.
✔✔Which nutrients impact T4 to T3 conversion? - ✔✔Selenium, zinc
✔✔T or F: serum calcium levels are an accurate predictor of bodily calcium stores -
✔✔False. Serum calcium is tightly regulated by PTH, calcitonin, Vitamin D. If serum
calcium is low, bone will be resorbed to replete levels.
✔✔Which element is present in highest amount in the human body? - ✔✔calcium (total
body calcium = 1000 grams)
✔✔What is the second most abundant mineral in the body? - ✔✔Phosphorous
✔✔What are the 9 essential amino acids? - ✔✔histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lycine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
✔✔What amino acids are "conditionally" essential? - ✔✔Arginine, glutamine, glycine,
and taurine
✔✔What is the best method for determining amino acid status? - ✔✔Plasma levels
✔✔In what disease states is low homocysteine seen? - ✔✔Autism & ADHD. Methionine
can be supplemented in these instances.
✔✔What are the primary lymphoid tissues? - ✔✔Thymus, fetal liver, and bone marrow
✔✔What is the prevalence of Hashimoto's disease in the US population? - ✔✔13%
✔✔What are the secondary lymphoid tissues? - ✔✔Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,
Peyer's patches (gut)
✔✔What are signs / symptoms of low T3 in cardiovascular disease? - ✔✔Bradycardia,
narrowed pulse pressure, diastolic hypertension, elevated CRP, inflammatory markers
and homocysteine
✔✔T or F: T3 therapy is antiarrhythmic - ✔✔T
✔✔What is the strongest independent predictor of death in cardiac patients - ✔✔Low
fT3
, ✔✔What enzyme(s) does progesterone act on in hormonal pathway? -
✔✔Progesterone has actions as both an aromatase inhibitor as well as a 5-alpha-
reductase inhibitor
✔✔Mechanisms of action of melatonin on inflammation - ✔✔- Inhibits COX-2 & Nuclar
Factor Kappa Beta
- Reduces expression of inflammatory cytokines
- Most effective scavenger of hydroxyl radical
- Endogenously protects mitochondria and nuclear DNA from injury and oxidation
- Stimulates superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase
- Increases free radical scavenging and antioxidant efficacy of glutathione, Vit E, Vit C
- Protects against cellular and DNA damage from ionizing radiation and reperfusion
injury
✔✔T or F: growth hormone peaks at puberty and starts to decline at age 21 - ✔✔True
✔✔Main estrogen produced in the post-menpausal woman - ✔✔Estrone
✔✔T or F: obese women have higher estrone: estradiol ratio than non-obese women -
✔✔True
✔✔Strongest estrogen in body - ✔✔Estradiol
✔✔T or F: 16-hydroxyestrone does not stimulate cells to divide - ✔✔False. 16-OHE
bind strongly to special receptors inside of cells and increase rate of DNA synthesis
✔✔How much of a female's total testosterone level is free? - ✔✔1%
✔✔What conditions are associated with high levels of 16-OHE? - ✔✔Obesity,
hypothyroidism, pesticide exposure, omega-6 FA excess, inflammatory cytokines
✔✔T or F: Testosterone, when given without estradiol in a woman, increases the risk of
MI by increasing plaque formation in heart vessels - ✔✔T
✔✔What is the central killing mechanism of neutrophils? - ✔✔NADPH oxidase, which
generates high levels of superoxide, a ROS. Superoxide combines with NO to form
peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide.
✔✔How do activated macrophages contribute to tissue damage during prolonged
immune activation? - ✔✔Macrophages contain surface glutamate receptors that, when
activated, cause tissue damage. Macrophages readily enter the brain and spinal cord,
transform into microglia, and release cytokines, chemokines, interferons and other
ecitotoxic molecules.
