ESOL GACE UPDATED SET ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Experimental Speech - ✔✔learner develops a level of fluency and can make
semantic and grammar generalizations
✔✔Phonetics - ✔✔study of sounds of the human speech
✔✔3 Categories of Sound - ✔✔1. phones (human sound)
2. phonemes (units which distinguish meaning in a language)
3. allophones (non-distinctive units)
✔✔Characteristics of Consonants - ✔✔1. place
2. manner of articulation
3. voice (voiced or voiceless)
✔✔Stages of First Language Acquisition - ✔✔1. Babbling (6-8 months)
2. One-Word/One-Morpheme/Holophrastic (9-18 months)
3. Two-Word stage (18-24 months)
4. Telegraphic/Early multiword stage (24-30 months)
5. Later Multi-word stage (after 30 months)
✔✔Behaviorist Model - ✔✔language is learned as a direct response to stimuli (Skinner)
✔✔Nativist Model - ✔✔Individuals are born with universal grammar wired into their
brains (Chomsky)
✔✔Sociocultural Theory - ✔✔Learning begins as a result of interpersonal
communication and is then internalized as intrapersonal. All learning is first social then
individual. (Vygotsky)
, ✔✔Zone of Proximal Development - ✔✔The difference between what a person knows
and what they could know with some assistance from someone
✔✔Ecological Model - ✔✔3 assumptions: individuals and their environment are
continually interacting and as such are constantly changing. Individuals are active
participants in their environments. Bi-directionality changes in once ecological system
influence change in other systems that may be further from the individual.
(Brofenbrenner)
✔✔4 levels of the ecological model - ✔✔1. microsystem - child's immediate
environment
2. mesosystem - interactions between components of microsystem
3. exosystem - more general elements of child's environment
4. macrosystem - overarching environmental influences
✔✔Steven Pinker - ✔✔people develop a predisposition towards language because
communication increased their odds of survival
✔✔Jim Cummins - ✔✔BICS/CALP; CUP/SUP; ELLs often misdiagnosed as LD or
delayed
✔✔Social Interactionist Model - ✔✔a child will learn to speak in the manner and syntax
of those who speak to him
✔✔Cognitive Model - ✔✔individuals develop linguistic skills to control their environment
✔✔Sociocognitive Approach - ✔✔true competence is demonstrated in the ability to
express oneself in different social contexts
✔✔Natural Order Hypothesis - ✔✔the learning of grammatical structures is predictable
and follows a natural order
✔✔Affective Filter Hypothesis - ✔✔People will learn L2 when they are relaxed, have a
high level of motivation and a decent level of self-confidence
✔✔Verbal/Linguistic Learning Style - ✔✔Enjoys reading, learning about language,
speaking, writing and manipulation words in puzzles. they should read stories, write
letters and role play
✔✔Logical/Mathematical Learning Style - ✔✔Enjoys solving problems with numbers,
performing expirements and calculations and coming up with hypothetical questions.
they should collect and evaluate data about new culture/language
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Experimental Speech - ✔✔learner develops a level of fluency and can make
semantic and grammar generalizations
✔✔Phonetics - ✔✔study of sounds of the human speech
✔✔3 Categories of Sound - ✔✔1. phones (human sound)
2. phonemes (units which distinguish meaning in a language)
3. allophones (non-distinctive units)
✔✔Characteristics of Consonants - ✔✔1. place
2. manner of articulation
3. voice (voiced or voiceless)
✔✔Stages of First Language Acquisition - ✔✔1. Babbling (6-8 months)
2. One-Word/One-Morpheme/Holophrastic (9-18 months)
3. Two-Word stage (18-24 months)
4. Telegraphic/Early multiword stage (24-30 months)
5. Later Multi-word stage (after 30 months)
✔✔Behaviorist Model - ✔✔language is learned as a direct response to stimuli (Skinner)
✔✔Nativist Model - ✔✔Individuals are born with universal grammar wired into their
brains (Chomsky)
✔✔Sociocultural Theory - ✔✔Learning begins as a result of interpersonal
communication and is then internalized as intrapersonal. All learning is first social then
individual. (Vygotsky)
, ✔✔Zone of Proximal Development - ✔✔The difference between what a person knows
and what they could know with some assistance from someone
✔✔Ecological Model - ✔✔3 assumptions: individuals and their environment are
continually interacting and as such are constantly changing. Individuals are active
participants in their environments. Bi-directionality changes in once ecological system
influence change in other systems that may be further from the individual.
(Brofenbrenner)
✔✔4 levels of the ecological model - ✔✔1. microsystem - child's immediate
environment
2. mesosystem - interactions between components of microsystem
3. exosystem - more general elements of child's environment
4. macrosystem - overarching environmental influences
✔✔Steven Pinker - ✔✔people develop a predisposition towards language because
communication increased their odds of survival
✔✔Jim Cummins - ✔✔BICS/CALP; CUP/SUP; ELLs often misdiagnosed as LD or
delayed
✔✔Social Interactionist Model - ✔✔a child will learn to speak in the manner and syntax
of those who speak to him
✔✔Cognitive Model - ✔✔individuals develop linguistic skills to control their environment
✔✔Sociocognitive Approach - ✔✔true competence is demonstrated in the ability to
express oneself in different social contexts
✔✔Natural Order Hypothesis - ✔✔the learning of grammatical structures is predictable
and follows a natural order
✔✔Affective Filter Hypothesis - ✔✔People will learn L2 when they are relaxed, have a
high level of motivation and a decent level of self-confidence
✔✔Verbal/Linguistic Learning Style - ✔✔Enjoys reading, learning about language,
speaking, writing and manipulation words in puzzles. they should read stories, write
letters and role play
✔✔Logical/Mathematical Learning Style - ✔✔Enjoys solving problems with numbers,
performing expirements and calculations and coming up with hypothetical questions.
they should collect and evaluate data about new culture/language
