ESOL GACE CORE MAIN ALL ANSWERS AND
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Cognitive Constructivism - ✔✔Language as reflection of thought, does not
contribute to development of thinking, cognitive thinking precedes language
development
✔✔Vygotsky - ✔✔Social Constructivism and Language
✔✔Social Constructivism and Language - ✔✔Language first as social communication,
promotes language and cognition
✔✔Intentionality - ✔✔Language part of holistic development, depends on environment
✔✔Error analysis - ✔✔Recognizing patterns of error
✔✔Interlanguage - ✔✔Universal aspects of target language
✔✔Development patterns - ✔✔The order in which features of a language are acquired
and sequenced
✔✔The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis - ✔✔Difference between acquisition and
learning (coursework, study, memorization)
✔✔The Monitor Hypothesis - ✔✔Learned language monitors the acquired
✔✔The Natural Order Hypothesis - ✔✔Grammar structures are logical and follow a
natural order
✔✔The Input Hypothesis - ✔✔Comprehensible Input (learning best when instruction is
just above ability)
, ✔✔The Affective Filter Hypothesis - ✔✔People learn best when relaxed, motivated and
self-confident
✔✔Steps of learning - ✔✔1) Silent period, 2) Private speech, 3) Lexical chunks, 4)
Formulaic speech, and 5) Experimental or simplified speech
✔✔PRAC - ✔✔Practicing, receiving/sending messages, analyzing and reasoning, and
creating structure
✔✔Critical Period Hypothesis - ✔✔First ten years best for SLA
✔✔Cultural relativism - ✔✔Beliefs and understandings should be understood in the
context of society
✔✔Cultural universalism - ✔✔elements, patterns, traits or institutions that are comon to
all human cultures
✔✔Assimilation - ✔✔process of integration
✔✔Acculturation - ✔✔Becoming accustomed to customs, languages, practices,
environment of a new culture or group
✔✔Transculturation - ✔✔Acculturation for an individual
✔✔Accommodation - ✔✔Motivations underlying adapting our language and
communication patterns to others
✔✔Language rights - ✔✔The right of each individual to enjoy uniquely individual and
communal privilege of belonging to a language group
✔✔Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ✔✔No federal funding recipient can discriminate against
ELL
✔✔May 25 Memo - ✔✔District must seek to rectify language deficiency (can't place ELL
in LD classes, exclude from college prep or fail to notify parents)
✔✔Lau v. Nichols - ✔✔Schools must meet legal criteria for programs, form a language
assessment committee, outline staff responsibilities and credentials for instruction,
identify assessment tools, set program criteria, set parameters for transition/monitoring,
determine program effectiveness
✔✔Castaneda v. Pickard - ✔✔3 criteria to determine effectiveness of ELL program: 1)
based on pedagogically sound education theory recognized by experts, 2) must be
QUESTIONS SET A+
✔✔Cognitive Constructivism - ✔✔Language as reflection of thought, does not
contribute to development of thinking, cognitive thinking precedes language
development
✔✔Vygotsky - ✔✔Social Constructivism and Language
✔✔Social Constructivism and Language - ✔✔Language first as social communication,
promotes language and cognition
✔✔Intentionality - ✔✔Language part of holistic development, depends on environment
✔✔Error analysis - ✔✔Recognizing patterns of error
✔✔Interlanguage - ✔✔Universal aspects of target language
✔✔Development patterns - ✔✔The order in which features of a language are acquired
and sequenced
✔✔The Acquisition/Learning Hypothesis - ✔✔Difference between acquisition and
learning (coursework, study, memorization)
✔✔The Monitor Hypothesis - ✔✔Learned language monitors the acquired
✔✔The Natural Order Hypothesis - ✔✔Grammar structures are logical and follow a
natural order
✔✔The Input Hypothesis - ✔✔Comprehensible Input (learning best when instruction is
just above ability)
, ✔✔The Affective Filter Hypothesis - ✔✔People learn best when relaxed, motivated and
self-confident
✔✔Steps of learning - ✔✔1) Silent period, 2) Private speech, 3) Lexical chunks, 4)
Formulaic speech, and 5) Experimental or simplified speech
✔✔PRAC - ✔✔Practicing, receiving/sending messages, analyzing and reasoning, and
creating structure
✔✔Critical Period Hypothesis - ✔✔First ten years best for SLA
✔✔Cultural relativism - ✔✔Beliefs and understandings should be understood in the
context of society
✔✔Cultural universalism - ✔✔elements, patterns, traits or institutions that are comon to
all human cultures
✔✔Assimilation - ✔✔process of integration
✔✔Acculturation - ✔✔Becoming accustomed to customs, languages, practices,
environment of a new culture or group
✔✔Transculturation - ✔✔Acculturation for an individual
✔✔Accommodation - ✔✔Motivations underlying adapting our language and
communication patterns to others
✔✔Language rights - ✔✔The right of each individual to enjoy uniquely individual and
communal privilege of belonging to a language group
✔✔Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ✔✔No federal funding recipient can discriminate against
ELL
✔✔May 25 Memo - ✔✔District must seek to rectify language deficiency (can't place ELL
in LD classes, exclude from college prep or fail to notify parents)
✔✔Lau v. Nichols - ✔✔Schools must meet legal criteria for programs, form a language
assessment committee, outline staff responsibilities and credentials for instruction,
identify assessment tools, set program criteria, set parameters for transition/monitoring,
determine program effectiveness
✔✔Castaneda v. Pickard - ✔✔3 criteria to determine effectiveness of ELL program: 1)
based on pedagogically sound education theory recognized by experts, 2) must be
