ESSENTIALS FOR NURSING
PRACTICE 9TH EDITION STUDY
GUIDE WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS
2026 COMPLETE REVIEW PACKAGE
◉ Sources of Evidence (Weak → Strong).
Answer: Tradition, Authority, Trial & error, Personal experience,
Intuition, Borrowed evidence, Scientific research.
◉ Evidence Hierarchy (I-VII).
Answer: 1. Meta-analysis & systematic reviews, 2. RCTs, 3. Quasi-
experimental, 4. Cohort/case-control, 5. Qualitative/descriptive
systematic reviews, 6. Single studies, 7. Expert opinion/tradition.
◉ Barriers to EBP.
Answer: Lack of time, Lack of knowledge or skills, Resistance to
change, No organizational support, Poor technology skills.
◉ Strategies to Overcome Barriers.
Answer: Journal clubs, Mentorship, Training, Librarian/database access,
Supportive administration.
◉ Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers).
Answer: Innovation, Communication, Time, Social system, Early
adopters, Laggards.
, ◉ Scurvy Example Summary.
Answer: Lancaster & Lind proved citrus prevented scurvy; Navy
delayed adoption for 200 years due to authority bias, poor
communication, tradition, resistance.
◉ What are the steps in the Star Model?.
Answer: Discovery, summary, translation, integration, evaluation
◉ What are the steps in the Iowa Model?.
Answer: Question, search, appraise, implement, evaluate
◉ What are the steps in the Diffusion Model?.
Answer: Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation,
confirmation
◉ Definition of Nursing Research.
Answer: Systematic, organized process that creates new knowledge.
◉ Types of Nursing Research by Purpose.
Answer: Descriptive — what is happening? Explanatory — why/how?
Predictive — when?
◉ Types of Nursing Research by Use.
PRACTICE 9TH EDITION STUDY
GUIDE WITH ACCURATE ANSWERS
2026 COMPLETE REVIEW PACKAGE
◉ Sources of Evidence (Weak → Strong).
Answer: Tradition, Authority, Trial & error, Personal experience,
Intuition, Borrowed evidence, Scientific research.
◉ Evidence Hierarchy (I-VII).
Answer: 1. Meta-analysis & systematic reviews, 2. RCTs, 3. Quasi-
experimental, 4. Cohort/case-control, 5. Qualitative/descriptive
systematic reviews, 6. Single studies, 7. Expert opinion/tradition.
◉ Barriers to EBP.
Answer: Lack of time, Lack of knowledge or skills, Resistance to
change, No organizational support, Poor technology skills.
◉ Strategies to Overcome Barriers.
Answer: Journal clubs, Mentorship, Training, Librarian/database access,
Supportive administration.
◉ Diffusion of Innovations (Rogers).
Answer: Innovation, Communication, Time, Social system, Early
adopters, Laggards.
, ◉ Scurvy Example Summary.
Answer: Lancaster & Lind proved citrus prevented scurvy; Navy
delayed adoption for 200 years due to authority bias, poor
communication, tradition, resistance.
◉ What are the steps in the Star Model?.
Answer: Discovery, summary, translation, integration, evaluation
◉ What are the steps in the Iowa Model?.
Answer: Question, search, appraise, implement, evaluate
◉ What are the steps in the Diffusion Model?.
Answer: Knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation,
confirmation
◉ Definition of Nursing Research.
Answer: Systematic, organized process that creates new knowledge.
◉ Types of Nursing Research by Purpose.
Answer: Descriptive — what is happening? Explanatory — why/how?
Predictive — when?
◉ Types of Nursing Research by Use.
