NUR 452 CORE MAIN ALL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔4) Transmission - ✔✔Organism transport from its source to its new host
Vertical: infection is passed from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk or vaginal
contact at birth
Horizontal: can be direct (physical contact with infected person, animal or carrier,
touching, skin contact, membrane to membrane, droplet) or indirect (Inanimate objects-
nonliving, toys, bedding)
Vectors: transmit infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the
host ticks, mosquitos, snails
A. Cover mouth when coughing/sneezing - into tissue and dispose or inner elbow
B. Handwashing (esp after toileting and diaper change) and bathing
C. Do not share personal items - hats, combs, towels, bedding
D. Short finger nails
E. Clean bathroom facilities
F. Food storage, preparation, washing utensils after meat, and handling proper
G. Needle exchange programs
H. Screening of blood supply
I. Killing mosquitos - draining swamps, insecticides, mosquito nets & repellent
J. ↓crowded living conditions/↑ventilation
K. Universal precautions - gloves, masks, etc (prevents from having agent spread
around environment - as opposed to leaving host or re-entering host).
L. Sewage systems to prevent fecal contamination in water supply
M. No recapping needles/needle safety devices *Healthcare workers- high risk grp
✔✔5) Reentry to a new host (entry routes) - ✔✔**same as escape
,✔✔6) Susceptible new host - ✔✔Body properties: tears, skin, mucous, saliva, cilia,
immune system, age, undernourished, chronic diseases
-Diet, lifestyle
Natural immunity: species determined (i.e. opossum rare for rabies)
Acquired immunity: the resistance acquired by a host as a result of previous natural
exposure to an infectious agent. (having measles once protects you)
Active: vaccination
Passive: mother to baby
✔✔What is a reservoir for syphilis
a) bacteria
b) an animal
c) a human
d) an immunization - ✔✔c) a human
✔✔What intervention would a nurse encourage to stop the most common way an agent
escapes from the reservoir?
A.) Covering wounds with a bandage
B.) Wearing condoms
C.) Wearing gloves
D.) Coughing into an elbow - ✔✔D.) Coughing into an elbow
✔✔Who is most at risk for an communicable disease?
A.) school aged child with asthma
B.) teenager with asthma
C.) pregnant woman with asthma
D.) elderly person with asthma - ✔✔D.) elderly person with asthma
✔✔How would you stop the spread of infection (break the chain) at the agent link?
A.) handwashing
B.) antibiotics
C.) isolate the person
D.) use face masks - ✔✔B.) antibiotics
✔✔What can you suggest as a nurse to increase a host's resistance to communicable
diseases?
A.) take full 10 days of antibiotics
B.) hand washing
, C.) get adequate sleep
D.) only drink pasteurized milk and juices - ✔✔C.) get adequate sleep
✔✔Endemic - ✔✔approximately the same as incidence and recovery, constant
presence of disease with in a geographical area or population
-A persistent usual presence with a low to moderate number of cases of the disease or
event
*The number of new cases is growing, total cases not increasing from previous
numbers
I.e. valley fever constantly being in the southwest
✔✔Epidemic - ✔✔Unusual rise in incidence rate and prevalence rate, rate of disease,
injury, or other condition is clearly in excess of the usual (endemic) level of that
condition
Often called an outbreak
I.e. small pox
✔✔Pandemic - ✔✔an epidemic occurring worldwide over several countries or
continents
I.e.: Spanish flu, AIDS, SARS
✔✔Differences in disease reporting at state and federal levels - ✔✔Providers --> state --
> CDC/NNDSS --> MMWR --> U.S.
State notifiable diseases: mandated by state law, each state has different laws
regarding reporting. Reported to the state/local health department by health care
providers, labs, and public health workers. States then transmit data electronically
weekly to CDC
National notifiable diseases: CDC and council of state and territorial epidemiologists
have a policy that requires a state health department to report certain diseases to the
CDC, National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), then --> Published
weekly in the Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report (MMWR)
✔✔Agents of bioterrorism - ✔✔biological agents with potentially high chance of
mortality, can be easily disseminated, to cause major public panic and disruption (i.e.
anthrax, plague, smallpox, botulism, tularemia, hemorrhagic viruses like ebola)
✔✔Emerging infectious diseases - ✔✔those in which the incidence has increased in the
past two decades or has a potential to increase in the future. They can be new or never
ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔4) Transmission - ✔✔Organism transport from its source to its new host
Vertical: infection is passed from parent to offspring via sperm, placenta, milk or vaginal
contact at birth
Horizontal: can be direct (physical contact with infected person, animal or carrier,
touching, skin contact, membrane to membrane, droplet) or indirect (Inanimate objects-
nonliving, toys, bedding)
Vectors: transmit infectious agent by biting or depositing the infective material near the
host ticks, mosquitos, snails
A. Cover mouth when coughing/sneezing - into tissue and dispose or inner elbow
B. Handwashing (esp after toileting and diaper change) and bathing
C. Do not share personal items - hats, combs, towels, bedding
D. Short finger nails
E. Clean bathroom facilities
F. Food storage, preparation, washing utensils after meat, and handling proper
G. Needle exchange programs
H. Screening of blood supply
I. Killing mosquitos - draining swamps, insecticides, mosquito nets & repellent
J. ↓crowded living conditions/↑ventilation
K. Universal precautions - gloves, masks, etc (prevents from having agent spread
around environment - as opposed to leaving host or re-entering host).
L. Sewage systems to prevent fecal contamination in water supply
M. No recapping needles/needle safety devices *Healthcare workers- high risk grp
✔✔5) Reentry to a new host (entry routes) - ✔✔**same as escape
,✔✔6) Susceptible new host - ✔✔Body properties: tears, skin, mucous, saliva, cilia,
immune system, age, undernourished, chronic diseases
-Diet, lifestyle
Natural immunity: species determined (i.e. opossum rare for rabies)
Acquired immunity: the resistance acquired by a host as a result of previous natural
exposure to an infectious agent. (having measles once protects you)
Active: vaccination
Passive: mother to baby
✔✔What is a reservoir for syphilis
a) bacteria
b) an animal
c) a human
d) an immunization - ✔✔c) a human
✔✔What intervention would a nurse encourage to stop the most common way an agent
escapes from the reservoir?
A.) Covering wounds with a bandage
B.) Wearing condoms
C.) Wearing gloves
D.) Coughing into an elbow - ✔✔D.) Coughing into an elbow
✔✔Who is most at risk for an communicable disease?
A.) school aged child with asthma
B.) teenager with asthma
C.) pregnant woman with asthma
D.) elderly person with asthma - ✔✔D.) elderly person with asthma
✔✔How would you stop the spread of infection (break the chain) at the agent link?
A.) handwashing
B.) antibiotics
C.) isolate the person
D.) use face masks - ✔✔B.) antibiotics
✔✔What can you suggest as a nurse to increase a host's resistance to communicable
diseases?
A.) take full 10 days of antibiotics
B.) hand washing
, C.) get adequate sleep
D.) only drink pasteurized milk and juices - ✔✔C.) get adequate sleep
✔✔Endemic - ✔✔approximately the same as incidence and recovery, constant
presence of disease with in a geographical area or population
-A persistent usual presence with a low to moderate number of cases of the disease or
event
*The number of new cases is growing, total cases not increasing from previous
numbers
I.e. valley fever constantly being in the southwest
✔✔Epidemic - ✔✔Unusual rise in incidence rate and prevalence rate, rate of disease,
injury, or other condition is clearly in excess of the usual (endemic) level of that
condition
Often called an outbreak
I.e. small pox
✔✔Pandemic - ✔✔an epidemic occurring worldwide over several countries or
continents
I.e.: Spanish flu, AIDS, SARS
✔✔Differences in disease reporting at state and federal levels - ✔✔Providers --> state --
> CDC/NNDSS --> MMWR --> U.S.
State notifiable diseases: mandated by state law, each state has different laws
regarding reporting. Reported to the state/local health department by health care
providers, labs, and public health workers. States then transmit data electronically
weekly to CDC
National notifiable diseases: CDC and council of state and territorial epidemiologists
have a policy that requires a state health department to report certain diseases to the
CDC, National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), then --> Published
weekly in the Morbidity and Morality Weekly Report (MMWR)
✔✔Agents of bioterrorism - ✔✔biological agents with potentially high chance of
mortality, can be easily disseminated, to cause major public panic and disruption (i.e.
anthrax, plague, smallpox, botulism, tularemia, hemorrhagic viruses like ebola)
✔✔Emerging infectious diseases - ✔✔those in which the incidence has increased in the
past two decades or has a potential to increase in the future. They can be new or never
