BIOL 2030 CORRECT EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Filter feeders - ✔✔System of canals through which water is pumped into the body
and food particles collected.
✔✔Choanocytes - ✔✔Ovoid cells that line canal systems and chambers
✔✔Archaeocytes - ✔✔Amoeboid cells move through a gelatinous Matrix (mesohyl) in a
sponge
Receive and digest food particles from choanocytes.
✔✔TOTIPOTENT - ✔✔Stem cells of sponges
✔✔Secretory Cells - ✔✔Produce Spicules through secretions
✔✔3 subtypes of secretory cells? - ✔✔1) Sclerocytes (mineral spicules)
2) Spongocytes (spongin spicules)
3) Collencytes (collagen spicules)
✔✔Pinacocytes - ✔✔Form protective lining (pinacoderm) that faces the external
environment.
✔✔Porocytes - ✔✔Form channels in pinacoderm through which water flows to the
inside of the sponge (ostia).
✔✔Choanoderm - ✔✔Line the internal lining of the cell
✔✔Asconoids - ✔✔Type of Sponge
Flagellated spongocoel
Smallest of all sponges
Ostium - opening in the sponged (form incurrent canals) → formed by porocytes
, Osculum → Excurrent canal → one and large
Choanocytes - internal lining → makes cell flagellated
✔✔Syconoids - ✔✔1) Flagellated canals
2) Incurrent canals
3) Ostia - water enters and goes to incurrent canals
4) Pinacocytes line incurrent canal
5) Prosopyle → Little openings from the incurrent canals to choanocytes
6) Choanocytes - found in choanocyte canals
7) Apopyle - A pore through which water passes out of a choanocyte canal into
spongocoel
✔✔Leuconoids - ✔✔Flagellated chambers
Most sponges are leuconoid
Steps
1) Water enters through ostia
2) Incurrent canals
3) Prosopyle
4) Choanocyte CHAMBER
5) Apopyle
6) Excurrent canal
7) Oscula
✔✔Gemmules - ✔✔1) Archaeocytes cluster together inside the sponge and
phagocytose other cells to store nutrients.
2) When conditions favourable, archaeocytes leave gemmule through micropyle
(opening in gemmule) and differentiate into new individual
✔✔Fragmentation - ✔✔Bottom parts of sponge spread out and retract leaving behind
clump of cells
✔✔Budding - ✔✔A collection of cells that grows and detaches
✔✔Viviparous sponges: - ✔✔(Usually Monoecious) → all sponges form sperm and
eggs
a) Sperm formed from choanocytes (spermatocytes = special flagellated chamber).
b) Eggs formed from archaeocytes (sometimes choanocytes), distributed throughout
mesohyl.
✔✔Parenchymula - ✔✔Flagellated larvae
✔✔Oviparous sponges: - ✔✔(Usually Dioecious)
Release egg and sperm to the environment (usually a mass population event at one
time of the year,
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Filter feeders - ✔✔System of canals through which water is pumped into the body
and food particles collected.
✔✔Choanocytes - ✔✔Ovoid cells that line canal systems and chambers
✔✔Archaeocytes - ✔✔Amoeboid cells move through a gelatinous Matrix (mesohyl) in a
sponge
Receive and digest food particles from choanocytes.
✔✔TOTIPOTENT - ✔✔Stem cells of sponges
✔✔Secretory Cells - ✔✔Produce Spicules through secretions
✔✔3 subtypes of secretory cells? - ✔✔1) Sclerocytes (mineral spicules)
2) Spongocytes (spongin spicules)
3) Collencytes (collagen spicules)
✔✔Pinacocytes - ✔✔Form protective lining (pinacoderm) that faces the external
environment.
✔✔Porocytes - ✔✔Form channels in pinacoderm through which water flows to the
inside of the sponge (ostia).
✔✔Choanoderm - ✔✔Line the internal lining of the cell
✔✔Asconoids - ✔✔Type of Sponge
Flagellated spongocoel
Smallest of all sponges
Ostium - opening in the sponged (form incurrent canals) → formed by porocytes
, Osculum → Excurrent canal → one and large
Choanocytes - internal lining → makes cell flagellated
✔✔Syconoids - ✔✔1) Flagellated canals
2) Incurrent canals
3) Ostia - water enters and goes to incurrent canals
4) Pinacocytes line incurrent canal
5) Prosopyle → Little openings from the incurrent canals to choanocytes
6) Choanocytes - found in choanocyte canals
7) Apopyle - A pore through which water passes out of a choanocyte canal into
spongocoel
✔✔Leuconoids - ✔✔Flagellated chambers
Most sponges are leuconoid
Steps
1) Water enters through ostia
2) Incurrent canals
3) Prosopyle
4) Choanocyte CHAMBER
5) Apopyle
6) Excurrent canal
7) Oscula
✔✔Gemmules - ✔✔1) Archaeocytes cluster together inside the sponge and
phagocytose other cells to store nutrients.
2) When conditions favourable, archaeocytes leave gemmule through micropyle
(opening in gemmule) and differentiate into new individual
✔✔Fragmentation - ✔✔Bottom parts of sponge spread out and retract leaving behind
clump of cells
✔✔Budding - ✔✔A collection of cells that grows and detaches
✔✔Viviparous sponges: - ✔✔(Usually Monoecious) → all sponges form sperm and
eggs
a) Sperm formed from choanocytes (spermatocytes = special flagellated chamber).
b) Eggs formed from archaeocytes (sometimes choanocytes), distributed throughout
mesohyl.
✔✔Parenchymula - ✔✔Flagellated larvae
✔✔Oviparous sponges: - ✔✔(Usually Dioecious)
Release egg and sperm to the environment (usually a mass population event at one
time of the year,
