NUR 404 EXAM 2 | COMPREHENSIVE NURSING STUDY GUIDE, PRACTICE
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔patterns of health events in population
Agent - ANS ✔✔-animate or inanimate
-virus, bacteria, germs
Host - ANS ✔✔living thing capable of being infected
Environment - ANS ✔✔surrounding the host and agent
web of causality - ANS ✔✔Complex interrelations of factors interacting with each other to influence the
risk for or distribution of health outcomes
epidemic - ANS ✔✔A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
Pandemic - ANS ✔✔Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion
of the population.
Morbidity - ANS ✔✔who has disease
mortality - ANS ✔✔death rate
Screening - ANS ✔✔-early detection and treatment
-NOT diagnostic tool
-Must have referrals to diagnose
-Secondary prevention
2 parts of Screening - ANS ✔✔-Reliability
-Validity
reliability - ANS ✔✔how consistent the results of a measure are
validity - ANS ✔✔The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
Descriptive Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔-Who?
-Where?
-When?
Analytic Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔-How?
-Why?
Observational Studies - ANS ✔✔-Cohort
-Case-control
-Cross-sectional
, Cohort - ANS ✔✔-Over time
-persons born at about the same time
-persons generally sharing some characteristics of interest
Case Control - ANS ✔✔-Compare two similar groups
--one with health problem and one w/o health problem
Cross-sectional - ANS ✔✔-Snapshot in time
-Very specific
Experimental Study - ANS ✔✔-One control and one experimental group
-2 types
--Clinical trial and Community trial
Clinical Trial - ANS ✔✔consensual experiment directed toward developing a treatment
Community Trial - ANS ✔✔Experiment in which the disease prevention and health promotion are the
most important
Examples of Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔-School nurse
-Epidemiologists
-Communicable Disease Nurse
-Environmental Risk Nurse
Systemic Review - ANS ✔✔-multiple studies
-most information
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) - ANS ✔✔-highest level of evidence
-Gold Standard for evaluating EBP
Variables to Evidence-Based Practice - ANS ✔✔-Quality
-Sample Size
-Blinding
-Evidence
-Qualitative vs. Quantitative
-Randomization
Grading Scale for Evidence - ANS ✔✔-Quality
-Quantity
-Consistency
Quality - ANS ✔✔Bias minimized
Quantity - ANS ✔✔something that has magnitude, size, or amount
Consistency - ANS ✔✔Similar findings among all
Can be repeated and have same findings
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔patterns of health events in population
Agent - ANS ✔✔-animate or inanimate
-virus, bacteria, germs
Host - ANS ✔✔living thing capable of being infected
Environment - ANS ✔✔surrounding the host and agent
web of causality - ANS ✔✔Complex interrelations of factors interacting with each other to influence the
risk for or distribution of health outcomes
epidemic - ANS ✔✔A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.
Pandemic - ANS ✔✔Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion
of the population.
Morbidity - ANS ✔✔who has disease
mortality - ANS ✔✔death rate
Screening - ANS ✔✔-early detection and treatment
-NOT diagnostic tool
-Must have referrals to diagnose
-Secondary prevention
2 parts of Screening - ANS ✔✔-Reliability
-Validity
reliability - ANS ✔✔how consistent the results of a measure are
validity - ANS ✔✔The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure
Descriptive Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔-Who?
-Where?
-When?
Analytic Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔-How?
-Why?
Observational Studies - ANS ✔✔-Cohort
-Case-control
-Cross-sectional
, Cohort - ANS ✔✔-Over time
-persons born at about the same time
-persons generally sharing some characteristics of interest
Case Control - ANS ✔✔-Compare two similar groups
--one with health problem and one w/o health problem
Cross-sectional - ANS ✔✔-Snapshot in time
-Very specific
Experimental Study - ANS ✔✔-One control and one experimental group
-2 types
--Clinical trial and Community trial
Clinical Trial - ANS ✔✔consensual experiment directed toward developing a treatment
Community Trial - ANS ✔✔Experiment in which the disease prevention and health promotion are the
most important
Examples of Epidemiology - ANS ✔✔-School nurse
-Epidemiologists
-Communicable Disease Nurse
-Environmental Risk Nurse
Systemic Review - ANS ✔✔-multiple studies
-most information
Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) - ANS ✔✔-highest level of evidence
-Gold Standard for evaluating EBP
Variables to Evidence-Based Practice - ANS ✔✔-Quality
-Sample Size
-Blinding
-Evidence
-Qualitative vs. Quantitative
-Randomization
Grading Scale for Evidence - ANS ✔✔-Quality
-Quantity
-Consistency
Quality - ANS ✔✔Bias minimized
Quantity - ANS ✔✔something that has magnitude, size, or amount
Consistency - ANS ✔✔Similar findings among all
Can be repeated and have same findings
