NUR 641 E PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Decrease sympathetic stimulation causing vasodilation and decreased blood
pressure - ✔✔alpha 1 blockade
✔✔stimulation by beta agonists (isoproterenol) result in increased heart rate, blood
pressure and cardiac output
2. blockade results in decreased heart rate, bp, and cardiac output - ✔✔beta 1
adrenergic
✔✔The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system. Due to pressure
overload or volume overload causing a reduction of oxygenated blood to body tissue -
✔✔left heart failure
✔✔1.Associated with pulmonary disease and increased pulmonary vascular resistance
2.The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the pulmonic system. Can be due to
volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower extremities - ✔✔Right
heart failure
✔✔1.Inhibit water transport across Loop of Henle work on receptors in ascending renal
loop
2.inhibit reabsorption of NaCL at site in kidney
3. potent diuretic (Lasix) can cause hypokalemia - ✔✔Loop diuretics MOA
✔✔spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride - ✔✔Potassium sparing diuretics
✔✔phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat acute heart failure - ✔✔Milrinone
(Primacor)
✔✔children squat to compensate for hypoxia - ✔✔Tetrallogy of Fallot squatting
,✔✔1.passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
remains open (patent) after birth
2. continuous machine like murmur heard over left upper sternal border in both systole
and diastole
3. pulse is bounding and has thrill during palpation
4. Treated with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin - ✔✔patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
✔✔a peripheral arterial (arteries and arterioles in fingers mostly) occlusive disease in
which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
2. vasospastic
3. Treated with dihydropyridine type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine) bc they cause
vasodilation - ✔✔Raynaud's disease
✔✔episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways, mucus
production, hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue and inflammation - ✔✔Asthma
✔✔Symptoms occur >2x/wk, but not daily
treated with short acting beta 2 agonist (SABA) plus inhaled corticosteroid - ✔✔mild
persistent asthma
✔✔Daily symptoms occur w/ exacerbations 2x/wk
treated with inhaled low dose corticosteroid and long acting bronchodilator -
✔✔moderate persistent asthma
✔✔Symptoms occur continually, along w/ frequent exacerbations that limit physical
activity & QOL
treatment (LABA) long acting beta 2 agonist plus high potency inhaled corticosteroid
and oral corticosteroid - ✔✔severe persistent asthma
✔✔PRN only
used in combination with inhaled corticosteroid for mild asthma
SABAs used in acute asthma attacks but cause increased heart rate, tremors,
nervousness and reduced serum potassium level - ✔✔Inhaled short-acting beta2
agonists (SABAs) indications
✔✔LABA
never used in acute asthma exacerbation where SABAs such as albuterol are used -
✔✔Salmeterol (Serevent)
✔✔rinse mouth after use - ✔✔Instruction for inhaled corticosteroids
✔✔fluticasone and salmeterol
Asthma/COPD and is a
, corticosteroid - ✔✔Advair Diskus
✔✔umeclidinium/vilanterol
LAMA/LABA for COPD also an anticholenergic medication - ✔✔Anoro Ellipta
✔✔albuterol/ipratropium
SABA and anticholenergic - ✔✔Combivent, DuoNeb
✔✔long acting anticholinergic bronchodilator
not for acute asthma attack
QD for asthma and COPD - ✔✔Tiotropium (Spiriva)
✔✔1. pulmonary disorder seen in childhood, noted increase in production of a protein
producing thick mucus that blocks the airway, pancreatic ducts, sweat gland ducts and
vas deferens - ✔✔cystic fibrosis AKA fibrocystic disease of pancreas
✔✔a severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid respiratory failure,
increased pulmonary resistance and surfactant deficiency - ✔✔respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS)
✔✔- anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties
- used for reducing pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and fever associated with local
inflammation
- pros: fewer side effects and longer duration of actions
-NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardio events like stroke, MI,
and hypertension - ✔✔NSAIDs
✔✔analgesic, antipyretic but does not reduce inflammation - ✔✔Acetaminophen
(Tylenol)
✔✔NSAID
safe for patient with heart disease - ✔✔Naproxen (Aleve)
✔✔Nsaids and corticosteriods to reduce inflammation
Allopurinol - Reduces uric acid. Doesn't relieve acute gout attacks. Increase fluid intake
May cause hypoglycemia.
Colchicine - Used for initial prevention and chronic attacks. Decreases WBCs response
to urate crystals. Avoid grapefruit juice.
Allopurinol and febuxostat work on pathophysiological cause of gout - ✔✔Gout
Medications
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Decrease sympathetic stimulation causing vasodilation and decreased blood
pressure - ✔✔alpha 1 blockade
✔✔stimulation by beta agonists (isoproterenol) result in increased heart rate, blood
pressure and cardiac output
2. blockade results in decreased heart rate, bp, and cardiac output - ✔✔beta 1
adrenergic
✔✔The heart does not adequately circulate blood to systemic system. Due to pressure
overload or volume overload causing a reduction of oxygenated blood to body tissue -
✔✔left heart failure
✔✔1.Associated with pulmonary disease and increased pulmonary vascular resistance
2.The heart does not adequately circulate blood to the pulmonic system. Can be due to
volume overload or regurgitation in Tricuspid Valve or Pulmonic Valve.
Can lead to systemic edema, back up of blood in liver and lower extremities - ✔✔Right
heart failure
✔✔1.Inhibit water transport across Loop of Henle work on receptors in ascending renal
loop
2.inhibit reabsorption of NaCL at site in kidney
3. potent diuretic (Lasix) can cause hypokalemia - ✔✔Loop diuretics MOA
✔✔spironolactone, triamterene, amiloride - ✔✔Potassium sparing diuretics
✔✔phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat acute heart failure - ✔✔Milrinone
(Primacor)
✔✔children squat to compensate for hypoxia - ✔✔Tetrallogy of Fallot squatting
,✔✔1.passageway (ductus arteriosus) between the aorta and the pulmonary artery
remains open (patent) after birth
2. continuous machine like murmur heard over left upper sternal border in both systole
and diastole
3. pulse is bounding and has thrill during palpation
4. Treated with IV NSAIDs such as indomethacin - ✔✔patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
✔✔a peripheral arterial (arteries and arterioles in fingers mostly) occlusive disease in
which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress
2. vasospastic
3. Treated with dihydropyridine type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine) bc they cause
vasodilation - ✔✔Raynaud's disease
✔✔episodes of breathing difficulty due to narrowed or obstructed airways, mucus
production, hyperactivity of the bronchial tissue and inflammation - ✔✔Asthma
✔✔Symptoms occur >2x/wk, but not daily
treated with short acting beta 2 agonist (SABA) plus inhaled corticosteroid - ✔✔mild
persistent asthma
✔✔Daily symptoms occur w/ exacerbations 2x/wk
treated with inhaled low dose corticosteroid and long acting bronchodilator -
✔✔moderate persistent asthma
✔✔Symptoms occur continually, along w/ frequent exacerbations that limit physical
activity & QOL
treatment (LABA) long acting beta 2 agonist plus high potency inhaled corticosteroid
and oral corticosteroid - ✔✔severe persistent asthma
✔✔PRN only
used in combination with inhaled corticosteroid for mild asthma
SABAs used in acute asthma attacks but cause increased heart rate, tremors,
nervousness and reduced serum potassium level - ✔✔Inhaled short-acting beta2
agonists (SABAs) indications
✔✔LABA
never used in acute asthma exacerbation where SABAs such as albuterol are used -
✔✔Salmeterol (Serevent)
✔✔rinse mouth after use - ✔✔Instruction for inhaled corticosteroids
✔✔fluticasone and salmeterol
Asthma/COPD and is a
, corticosteroid - ✔✔Advair Diskus
✔✔umeclidinium/vilanterol
LAMA/LABA for COPD also an anticholenergic medication - ✔✔Anoro Ellipta
✔✔albuterol/ipratropium
SABA and anticholenergic - ✔✔Combivent, DuoNeb
✔✔long acting anticholinergic bronchodilator
not for acute asthma attack
QD for asthma and COPD - ✔✔Tiotropium (Spiriva)
✔✔1. pulmonary disorder seen in childhood, noted increase in production of a protein
producing thick mucus that blocks the airway, pancreatic ducts, sweat gland ducts and
vas deferens - ✔✔cystic fibrosis AKA fibrocystic disease of pancreas
✔✔a severe respiratory disease that is characterized by rapid respiratory failure,
increased pulmonary resistance and surfactant deficiency - ✔✔respiratory distress
syndrome (RDS)
✔✔- anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties
- used for reducing pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and fever associated with local
inflammation
- pros: fewer side effects and longer duration of actions
-NSAIDs are associated with an increased risk of adverse cardio events like stroke, MI,
and hypertension - ✔✔NSAIDs
✔✔analgesic, antipyretic but does not reduce inflammation - ✔✔Acetaminophen
(Tylenol)
✔✔NSAID
safe for patient with heart disease - ✔✔Naproxen (Aleve)
✔✔Nsaids and corticosteriods to reduce inflammation
Allopurinol - Reduces uric acid. Doesn't relieve acute gout attacks. Increase fluid intake
May cause hypoglycemia.
Colchicine - Used for initial prevention and chronic attacks. Decreases WBCs response
to urate crystals. Avoid grapefruit juice.
Allopurinol and febuxostat work on pathophysiological cause of gout - ✔✔Gout
Medications
