NUR 641E ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY CORRECT
EXAMS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Idarucizumab - ✔✔is an antidote to dabigatran-induced hemorrhage
✔✔Blood Factor Xa inhibitors - ✔✔apixaban (Eliquis), edoxaban (Savaysa), rivaroxaban
(Xarelto), fondaparinux (Arixtra).
✔✔Eptifibatide - ✔✔binds to GPIIb/IIIa receptor sites on platelets
✔✔One symptom of hemolytic anemia - ✔✔is jaundice, caused by the destruction of
heme that is greater than the hepatic conjugation and excretion of bilirubin.
✔✔Jaundice - ✔✔can be caused by hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, pancreatitis,
cholecystitis, and multi-drug therapy used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis
✔✔Erythropoietin - ✔✔is a substance manufactured in the kidney; the anemia of
chronic renal failure reduces erythropoietin production, and should be used to correct
the anemia of chronic renal failure.
✔✔CNS/Neurology/Psychiatry:
Sumatriptan - ✔✔is the only triptan available as an injection, as tablets, and as a nasal
spray
✔✔Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan - ✔✔are the only triptans available as nasal sprays
✔✔Intravenous Anesthetics - ✔✔ketamine, thiopental, fentanyl, propofol,
dexmedetomidine
✔✔Propofol - ✔✔Used for sedation in ICU, rapid anesthesia induction, short
procedures. Less postoperative nausea;has a rapid onset, does not usually cause
nausea, and poor analgesia
, ✔✔Propofol can affect - ✔✔triglycerides; monitor triglyceride levels
✔✔ICU delirium - ✔✔a serious problem encountered in the ICU; patients have an
increased length of stay & increased mortality; commonly occurs in elderly patients, is
treated with haloperidol, although dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is the preferred drug for
sedation in the elderly
✔✔If respiratory depression is a concern - ✔✔dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is the
preferred anesthetic; however, it should not be used longer than 24 hours as per the
FDA-approved product information.
✔✔Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - ✔✔a group of second-generation
antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other
neurotransmitters; citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac),
fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), vortioxetine (Trintellix).
✔✔Side effects of SSRIs - ✔✔include weight gain, GI distress, decreased sexual libido
and insomnia
✔✔Olanzapine - ✔✔Zyprexa; a second-generation antipsychotic, has the advantage of
being available as a long-acting injection for acute psychotic reactions
✔✔Drugs most effective in alcohol withdrawal - ✔✔Lorazepam (Ativan) and
phenobarbital; if liver dysfunction is present, lorazepam is the preferred agent because
of its different metabolic pathway than other benzodiazepines.
✔✔All Benzodiazepines - ✔✔May cause drowsiness. Alcohol may intensify this effect.
Use care when operating a car or dangerous machinery
Avoid taking this medication with grapefruit juice or grapefruit specifically: diazepam,
triazolam; can increase falls in the elderly and other people unsteady on their feet
✔✔Drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔include epinephrine,
norepinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine
✔✔Drugs acting on the parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔include atropine,
oxybutynin, and ipratropium
✔✔arachnoid villi (granulations) - ✔✔help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts;
allow CSF to general circulation. Absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that
accumulates in the cerebral venous sinuses that surround the brain; the villi maintains
normal CSF volume and pressure
✔✔Circle of Willis - ✔✔supplies collateral blood flow to the brain
EXAMS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Idarucizumab - ✔✔is an antidote to dabigatran-induced hemorrhage
✔✔Blood Factor Xa inhibitors - ✔✔apixaban (Eliquis), edoxaban (Savaysa), rivaroxaban
(Xarelto), fondaparinux (Arixtra).
✔✔Eptifibatide - ✔✔binds to GPIIb/IIIa receptor sites on platelets
✔✔One symptom of hemolytic anemia - ✔✔is jaundice, caused by the destruction of
heme that is greater than the hepatic conjugation and excretion of bilirubin.
✔✔Jaundice - ✔✔can be caused by hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, pancreatitis,
cholecystitis, and multi-drug therapy used to treat pulmonary tuberculosis
✔✔Erythropoietin - ✔✔is a substance manufactured in the kidney; the anemia of
chronic renal failure reduces erythropoietin production, and should be used to correct
the anemia of chronic renal failure.
✔✔CNS/Neurology/Psychiatry:
Sumatriptan - ✔✔is the only triptan available as an injection, as tablets, and as a nasal
spray
✔✔Sumatriptan and zolmitriptan - ✔✔are the only triptans available as nasal sprays
✔✔Intravenous Anesthetics - ✔✔ketamine, thiopental, fentanyl, propofol,
dexmedetomidine
✔✔Propofol - ✔✔Used for sedation in ICU, rapid anesthesia induction, short
procedures. Less postoperative nausea;has a rapid onset, does not usually cause
nausea, and poor analgesia
, ✔✔Propofol can affect - ✔✔triglycerides; monitor triglyceride levels
✔✔ICU delirium - ✔✔a serious problem encountered in the ICU; patients have an
increased length of stay & increased mortality; commonly occurs in elderly patients, is
treated with haloperidol, although dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is the preferred drug for
sedation in the elderly
✔✔If respiratory depression is a concern - ✔✔dexmedetomidine (Precedex) is the
preferred anesthetic; however, it should not be used longer than 24 hours as per the
FDA-approved product information.
✔✔Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - ✔✔a group of second-generation
antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other
neurotransmitters; citalopram (Celexa), escitalopram (Lexapro), fluoxetine (Prozac),
fluvoxamine (Luvox), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), vortioxetine (Trintellix).
✔✔Side effects of SSRIs - ✔✔include weight gain, GI distress, decreased sexual libido
and insomnia
✔✔Olanzapine - ✔✔Zyprexa; a second-generation antipsychotic, has the advantage of
being available as a long-acting injection for acute psychotic reactions
✔✔Drugs most effective in alcohol withdrawal - ✔✔Lorazepam (Ativan) and
phenobarbital; if liver dysfunction is present, lorazepam is the preferred agent because
of its different metabolic pathway than other benzodiazepines.
✔✔All Benzodiazepines - ✔✔May cause drowsiness. Alcohol may intensify this effect.
Use care when operating a car or dangerous machinery
Avoid taking this medication with grapefruit juice or grapefruit specifically: diazepam,
triazolam; can increase falls in the elderly and other people unsteady on their feet
✔✔Drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔include epinephrine,
norepinephrine, dopamine and dobutamine
✔✔Drugs acting on the parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔include atropine,
oxybutynin, and ipratropium
✔✔arachnoid villi (granulations) - ✔✔help recycle CSF to blood; look like little warts;
allow CSF to general circulation. Absorb excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that
accumulates in the cerebral venous sinuses that surround the brain; the villi maintains
normal CSF volume and pressure
✔✔Circle of Willis - ✔✔supplies collateral blood flow to the brain
