Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids:-
Preparation of Aldehydes:-
1. From Alcohols:- Mild Oxidising Agents
2. Dehydrogenation using Metal Catalysts(Ag or Cu)
3. From Hydrocarbons:- Ozonolysis of Alkenes, Hydration of Alkynes using
H2SO4 or HgSO4.
4. From Acyl Chlorides:- Rosenmund Redn:- H2/Pd-BaSO4
5. From Nitriles and Esters:- Nitriles- SnCl2+HCl/DIBAL-H
Esters:- DIBAL-H
6. Oxidation of Methyl Benzene:- Etard Rxn:- CrO2Cl2 in CS2 followed by
hydrolysis
OR
CrO3 in acetic anhydride followed by hydrolysis
7. Side Chain Halogenation:- Cl2/Sunlight followed by Hydrolysis
8. Gattermann-Koch:- CO+HCl in Anhyd AlCl3
Preparation of Ketones:-
1. From Acyl Chlorides:- Dialkyl Cadmium(R2Cd)
2. From Nitriles:- Grignard Reagent and Hydrolysis
3. From Benzene/Substituted Benzene:- F.C Acylation
Chemical Properties:-
1. Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide:- HCN(NaCN+HCl)
2. Addition of Sodium Hydrogensulphite:- NaHSO3
3. Addition of Grignard:- Preparation of Alcohols
, 4. Addition of Alcohols:- Aldehydes with any alcohol form Hemiacetal and
Acetals while Ketones with ethylene glycol forms ethylene glycol ketals.
5. Nu-Addn Elimination of Ammonia Derivatives:- NH2X where X is any alkyl,
OH, NH2, aryl etc.
6. Reduction:- To Alcohols:- LiAlH4 and NaBH4
To Hydrocarbons:- Clemmensen Redn:- Zinc Amalgam(Zn-Hg)
Wolff-Kishner Redn:- Hydrazine(NH2NH2)
7. Oxidation:- Aldehydes:- Strong Oxdn agents and Mild Oxdn agents:-
KMnO4, potassium dichromate, Tollen’s Reagent, Fehling’s Reagent.
Ketones:- Strong Oxidising agents
8. Haloform:- NaOX
9. Aldol, Cross Aldol:- Aq. NaOH/Aq. Alkali
10. Cannizaro:- Concentrated Alkali
Preparation Of Carboxylic Acids:-
1. From Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes:- alk. KMnO4 for alcohols and mild
oxidising agents for aldehydes
2. Nitriles and Amides:- Hydrolysis with H+ or OH- as catalyst. Nitriles give
amides, and amides give carboxylic acids.
3. Alkyl Benzene:- KMnO4 and KOH or CrO3
4. Grignard Reagent:- Grignard Reagent +CO2 followed by Hydrolysis
5. From Esters:- Acidic(gives acid directly) or Basic Hydrolysis(gives
carboxylate ions and then on hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid)
6. From Acid Chlorides or Anhydrides:- Acidic Hydrolysis gives acid directly
and basic hydrolysis gives carboxylate ions which on further hydrolysis
gives acids.
Chemical Properties:-
1. Reactions with metals and alkali:- Na, NaOH, NaHCO3
2. Formation of Anhydride:- conc. H2SO4 or P2O5
3. Reaction with PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2:- OH gets replaced by Cl using the
reagents.
Preparation of Aldehydes:-
1. From Alcohols:- Mild Oxidising Agents
2. Dehydrogenation using Metal Catalysts(Ag or Cu)
3. From Hydrocarbons:- Ozonolysis of Alkenes, Hydration of Alkynes using
H2SO4 or HgSO4.
4. From Acyl Chlorides:- Rosenmund Redn:- H2/Pd-BaSO4
5. From Nitriles and Esters:- Nitriles- SnCl2+HCl/DIBAL-H
Esters:- DIBAL-H
6. Oxidation of Methyl Benzene:- Etard Rxn:- CrO2Cl2 in CS2 followed by
hydrolysis
OR
CrO3 in acetic anhydride followed by hydrolysis
7. Side Chain Halogenation:- Cl2/Sunlight followed by Hydrolysis
8. Gattermann-Koch:- CO+HCl in Anhyd AlCl3
Preparation of Ketones:-
1. From Acyl Chlorides:- Dialkyl Cadmium(R2Cd)
2. From Nitriles:- Grignard Reagent and Hydrolysis
3. From Benzene/Substituted Benzene:- F.C Acylation
Chemical Properties:-
1. Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide:- HCN(NaCN+HCl)
2. Addition of Sodium Hydrogensulphite:- NaHSO3
3. Addition of Grignard:- Preparation of Alcohols
, 4. Addition of Alcohols:- Aldehydes with any alcohol form Hemiacetal and
Acetals while Ketones with ethylene glycol forms ethylene glycol ketals.
5. Nu-Addn Elimination of Ammonia Derivatives:- NH2X where X is any alkyl,
OH, NH2, aryl etc.
6. Reduction:- To Alcohols:- LiAlH4 and NaBH4
To Hydrocarbons:- Clemmensen Redn:- Zinc Amalgam(Zn-Hg)
Wolff-Kishner Redn:- Hydrazine(NH2NH2)
7. Oxidation:- Aldehydes:- Strong Oxdn agents and Mild Oxdn agents:-
KMnO4, potassium dichromate, Tollen’s Reagent, Fehling’s Reagent.
Ketones:- Strong Oxidising agents
8. Haloform:- NaOX
9. Aldol, Cross Aldol:- Aq. NaOH/Aq. Alkali
10. Cannizaro:- Concentrated Alkali
Preparation Of Carboxylic Acids:-
1. From Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes:- alk. KMnO4 for alcohols and mild
oxidising agents for aldehydes
2. Nitriles and Amides:- Hydrolysis with H+ or OH- as catalyst. Nitriles give
amides, and amides give carboxylic acids.
3. Alkyl Benzene:- KMnO4 and KOH or CrO3
4. Grignard Reagent:- Grignard Reagent +CO2 followed by Hydrolysis
5. From Esters:- Acidic(gives acid directly) or Basic Hydrolysis(gives
carboxylate ions and then on hydrolysis gives carboxylic acid)
6. From Acid Chlorides or Anhydrides:- Acidic Hydrolysis gives acid directly
and basic hydrolysis gives carboxylate ions which on further hydrolysis
gives acids.
Chemical Properties:-
1. Reactions with metals and alkali:- Na, NaOH, NaHCO3
2. Formation of Anhydride:- conc. H2SO4 or P2O5
3. Reaction with PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2:- OH gets replaced by Cl using the
reagents.
