NUR 198 CORE MAIN QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
SET A+
✔✔What can cause hypernatremia? - ✔✔NPO status, excessive sodium intake, kidney
failure, fluid losses
✔✔What are some manifestations of hypernatremia? - ✔✔Hyperthermia, tachycardia,
restlessness, dry mucous membranes
✔✔What nursing management should be taken for hypernatremia? - ✔✔Monitor level of
consciousness and provide oral hygiene to decrease thirst
✔✔What should be verified before administering IV medications? - ✔✔IV placement
and compatibility with IV solutions
✔✔What is the risk of administering hypotonic solutions? - ✔✔Can cause fluid volume
overload and pulmonary edema
✔✔What is the significance of daily weights in fluid management? - ✔✔To monitor fluid
retention or loss effectively
✔✔What is the role of diuretics in fluid management? - ✔✔To promote fluid loss and
manage fluid balance
✔✔What is the normal range for potassium (K+) levels? - ✔✔3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
✔✔What are the major functions of potassium (K+) in the body? - ✔✔Cellular
metabolism, transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac tissue function, muscle function,
and acid-base balance.
✔✔What are common causes of hypokalemia? - ✔✔Excessive GI losses, renal losses,
skin losses, metabolic alkalosis.
, ✔✔What are the manifestations of hypokalemia? - ✔✔Weak, irregular pulse; orthostatic
hypotension; respiratory distress; cardiac dysrhythmias; muscular weakness; decreased
GI motility.
✔✔What is a critical nursing management step for hypokalemia? - ✔✔Monitor ECGs
and replace potassium orally or intravenously, never bolus IV potassium.
✔✔What are the causes of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔Increased total body K+, ECF shift,
decreased excretion of K+, primarily due to medications and decreased renal function.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔Slow, irregular pulse; potentially
life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias; tall, peaked T waves; irritability; muscular
weakness.
✔✔What is the normal range for calcium levels? - ✔✔8.8 - 10.4 mg/dL.
✔✔What are the functions of calcium in the body? - ✔✔Nerve impulse transmission,
muscle contraction/relaxation, blood clotting, and formation of bones and teeth.
✔✔What causes hypocalcemia? - ✔✔Chronic diarrhea, GI malabsorption, vitamin D
deficiency, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hypocalcemia? - ✔✔Muscle twitching/tetany,
Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, laryngospasm, seizures.
✔✔What nursing management is required for hypocalcemia? - ✔✔Administer oral or IV
calcium supplements, initiate seizure precautions, and encourage foods high in calcium.
✔✔What are the causes of hypercalcemia? - ✔✔Bone cancer, multiple myeloma, long-
term glucocorticoid use, hyperparathyroidism.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia? - ✔✔Bone pain, decreased DTRs,
cardiac dysrhythmias, anorexia, weakness.
✔✔What is the normal range for magnesium (Mg+) levels? - ✔✔1.8 - 2.6 mEq/L.
✔✔What are the functions of magnesium in the body? - ✔✔Transmission of nerve
impulses, cardiac tissue function, muscle function.
✔✔What causes hypomagnesemia? - ✔✔GI losses, alcoholism, malnutrition, thiazide or
loop diuretic use.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hypomagnesemia? - ✔✔Decreased nerve impulse
conduction, hyperactive DTRs, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias.
SET A+
✔✔What can cause hypernatremia? - ✔✔NPO status, excessive sodium intake, kidney
failure, fluid losses
✔✔What are some manifestations of hypernatremia? - ✔✔Hyperthermia, tachycardia,
restlessness, dry mucous membranes
✔✔What nursing management should be taken for hypernatremia? - ✔✔Monitor level of
consciousness and provide oral hygiene to decrease thirst
✔✔What should be verified before administering IV medications? - ✔✔IV placement
and compatibility with IV solutions
✔✔What is the risk of administering hypotonic solutions? - ✔✔Can cause fluid volume
overload and pulmonary edema
✔✔What is the significance of daily weights in fluid management? - ✔✔To monitor fluid
retention or loss effectively
✔✔What is the role of diuretics in fluid management? - ✔✔To promote fluid loss and
manage fluid balance
✔✔What is the normal range for potassium (K+) levels? - ✔✔3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
✔✔What are the major functions of potassium (K+) in the body? - ✔✔Cellular
metabolism, transmission of nerve impulses, cardiac tissue function, muscle function,
and acid-base balance.
✔✔What are common causes of hypokalemia? - ✔✔Excessive GI losses, renal losses,
skin losses, metabolic alkalosis.
, ✔✔What are the manifestations of hypokalemia? - ✔✔Weak, irregular pulse; orthostatic
hypotension; respiratory distress; cardiac dysrhythmias; muscular weakness; decreased
GI motility.
✔✔What is a critical nursing management step for hypokalemia? - ✔✔Monitor ECGs
and replace potassium orally or intravenously, never bolus IV potassium.
✔✔What are the causes of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔Increased total body K+, ECF shift,
decreased excretion of K+, primarily due to medications and decreased renal function.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔Slow, irregular pulse; potentially
life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias; tall, peaked T waves; irritability; muscular
weakness.
✔✔What is the normal range for calcium levels? - ✔✔8.8 - 10.4 mg/dL.
✔✔What are the functions of calcium in the body? - ✔✔Nerve impulse transmission,
muscle contraction/relaxation, blood clotting, and formation of bones and teeth.
✔✔What causes hypocalcemia? - ✔✔Chronic diarrhea, GI malabsorption, vitamin D
deficiency, pancreatitis, hypoparathyroidism.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hypocalcemia? - ✔✔Muscle twitching/tetany,
Trousseau's sign, Chvostek's sign, laryngospasm, seizures.
✔✔What nursing management is required for hypocalcemia? - ✔✔Administer oral or IV
calcium supplements, initiate seizure precautions, and encourage foods high in calcium.
✔✔What are the causes of hypercalcemia? - ✔✔Bone cancer, multiple myeloma, long-
term glucocorticoid use, hyperparathyroidism.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hypercalcemia? - ✔✔Bone pain, decreased DTRs,
cardiac dysrhythmias, anorexia, weakness.
✔✔What is the normal range for magnesium (Mg+) levels? - ✔✔1.8 - 2.6 mEq/L.
✔✔What are the functions of magnesium in the body? - ✔✔Transmission of nerve
impulses, cardiac tissue function, muscle function.
✔✔What causes hypomagnesemia? - ✔✔GI losses, alcoholism, malnutrition, thiazide or
loop diuretic use.
✔✔What are the manifestations of hypomagnesemia? - ✔✔Decreased nerve impulse
conduction, hyperactive DTRs, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmias.
