HURST UPDATED COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔when thinking of hypOtonic solutions think of what saying? - ✔✔' go Out of the
vessel"
✔✔when thinking of hypErtonic solutions think of what saying? - ✔✔" Enter the vessel"
✔✔magnesium and calcium act like a what? - ✔✔- sedative
✔✔megnesium is excreted by the _________, but it can be lost in other ways ( GI tract)
- ✔✔kidneys
✔✔what is the antidote for magnesium toxicity? - ✔✔- calcium gluconate
✔✔what is the normal lab value for magnesium ? - ✔✔- 1.3- 2.1 mEq/L
✔✔what is the normal lab value for calcium ? - ✔✔- 9.0- 10.5 mg/dL
✔✔what are the causes for hypermagnesemia? - ✔✔- renal failure
- antacids
✔✔signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia - ✔✔- flushing and warmth
- mg causes vasodilate
✔✔what is the treatment for hypermagnesmia ? - ✔✔- ventilator
- dialysis
- calcium gluconate
✔✔when calcium goes down the phosphate does what? - ✔✔- goes up
- they have a inverse relationship which means they are opposite of each other
,✔✔what are the causes of hypercalcemia ? - ✔✔- hyperparathyroidism: too much PTH
* when your serum calcium gets low, parathormone (PTH) kicks in and oulls Ca from
the BONE and puts it in the BLOOD; therefore the serum, calcium goes UP
- thiazides - retain CALCIUM
- immobilzations- you have to bear weight to keep Ca in the BONES
✔✔what are some S/S of HYPERcalcemia ? - ✔✔- bones are BRITTLE
- KIDNEY STONES * Majority or calcium*
✔✔what is the treatment for hypercalcemia? - ✔✔- MOVE!!!!
- fluids prevent KIDNEY STONES
- ca has an inverse relationship with phosphurus
- steroids
✔✔what are some causes of HYPOmagnesmia ? - ✔✔- diarrhea- lots of Mg in
intestines
- alcoholism
- alcohol suppresses ADH & its hypertonic ( not eating or drinking)
✔✔what is the treatment of hypomagnesmia ? - ✔✔- give some Mg
- check KIDNEY function ( before and during IV mg )
- seizure precautions
- eat magnesium
✔✔what are the causes of hypocalcemia ? - ✔✔- hypoparathyroidism
- radical neck
- thyroidectomy
* all these = not enough PTH)
serim calcium goes DOWN
✔✔what is the treatment for hypocalcemia? - ✔✔- PO calcium
- Vitamin D
- phosphate binders: sevelamer hydrochloride ( renagel) calcium acetate ( PhosLO)
✔✔what kind of S/S does hypermagnesmia and hypercalcemia have in common? - ✔✔-
DTRs DECREASED
- muscle tone WEAK/FLACCID
- arrhytmias INCREASED
- LOC DECREASED
- Pulse DECREASED
- respirations DECREASED
✔✔what are some S/S does hypomagnesia and hypocalcemia have in common? - ✔✔-
muscle tone RIGID, TIGHT
- cloud the client have a seizure? YES
,- stridor/laryngospasm- airway is a SMOOTH muscle
- + chovostek sign ( tap cheek "C" is fo cheek)
- + Trousseaus ( pump up BP Cuff)
- arrhythmias heart is a MUSCLE
- DTRs- INCREASED
- mind changes
- swallowing problems- esphagus is a smooth MUSCLE
✔✔what are some foods that are high in magnesium ? - ✔✔- spinach
- mustard GREENS
- squash
- pumpkin seeds
- flax seeds
✔✔the nurse is caring for a client post colonoscopy. the client reports a small amount of
abdominal discomfort and there is a drop of bright red blood on the sheet. what is the
priority nursing intervention?
1. reassess in 15 min
2. call the primary healthcare provider
3. call for STAT H&H
4. instruct the client to stay in bed - ✔✔2. call the primary healthcare provider
✔✔intervention is required with which client ?
- a client with a HX of generalized ( tonic clonic ) seizures or a client that is 8 hr post
heart cath ? - ✔✔- client that is 8 hr post heart cath
TIP: no happy questions. ALWAYS BE WORRIED about hemorrhaging maybe the doc.
punctured/perforated something. pick an answer that fixes the problem.
✔✔when you think of sodium in the body what should you think of first? - ✔✔- neuro
changes
- the brain does not like when NA + is messed up
- the sodium level in your blood is totally deoendent on how much water you have in the
blood
✔✔hypernatremia also another word for ? - ✔✔- dehydration
✔✔hypernatremia means what? - ✔✔- too much sodium ; not enough WATER
✔✔what are the causes of hypernatremia? - ✔✔- hyperventilation
- heat stroke
- diabetes insipidus ( DI)
✔✔what is the normal lab value for sodium ? - ✔✔135-145 mEq/L
✔✔signs and symptoms of hypernatremia - ✔✔- dry mouth
, - thirsty already dehydrated by the time you're thirsty
- swollen TONGUE
- neuro changes
✔✔what is the treatment for hypernatremia - ✔✔- restrict sodium
- dilute clients with fluids ( diluting makes sodium go DOWN
- daily weights
- I&O
- lab work
✔✔If you have a sodium problem you have a _______ problem? - ✔✔FLUID
✔✔hyponatremia is another word for what? - ✔✔- dilution
✔✔definiton of hyponatremia - ✔✔too much water; not enough SODIUM
✔✔what are the causes of hyponatremia - ✔✔- drinking H2O for fluid replacement (
vomiting, sweating) ( this only replaces water and dilutes the blood)
- psychogenic polydipsia; loves to drink WATER
- D5W ( sugar & water)
- SIADH; retaining WATER
✔✔what are the S/S of hyponatremia - ✔✔- headache
- seizure
- coma
✔✔what is the treatment of hyponatremia ? - ✔✔- client needs SODIUM
- client doesnt need WATER
✔✔case in point: feeding tube clients tend to become ___________ - ✔✔dehydrated
✔✔what is the normal lab values for potassium ? - ✔✔- 3.5- 5.0 mEq/L
✔✔potassium is excreated by the ________ - ✔✔kidneys
- if the kidneys are not working well, the serum potassium will go UP!
✔✔what are the causes of hyperkalemia ? - ✔✔- kidney trouble
- spironolactone ( aldactone) - makes you RETAIN potassium
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔- begins with muscle
twitching
- then proceeds to muscle twitching/weakness
- then flaccid paralysis
AND ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔when thinking of hypOtonic solutions think of what saying? - ✔✔' go Out of the
vessel"
✔✔when thinking of hypErtonic solutions think of what saying? - ✔✔" Enter the vessel"
✔✔magnesium and calcium act like a what? - ✔✔- sedative
✔✔megnesium is excreted by the _________, but it can be lost in other ways ( GI tract)
- ✔✔kidneys
✔✔what is the antidote for magnesium toxicity? - ✔✔- calcium gluconate
✔✔what is the normal lab value for magnesium ? - ✔✔- 1.3- 2.1 mEq/L
✔✔what is the normal lab value for calcium ? - ✔✔- 9.0- 10.5 mg/dL
✔✔what are the causes for hypermagnesemia? - ✔✔- renal failure
- antacids
✔✔signs and symptoms of hypermagnesemia - ✔✔- flushing and warmth
- mg causes vasodilate
✔✔what is the treatment for hypermagnesmia ? - ✔✔- ventilator
- dialysis
- calcium gluconate
✔✔when calcium goes down the phosphate does what? - ✔✔- goes up
- they have a inverse relationship which means they are opposite of each other
,✔✔what are the causes of hypercalcemia ? - ✔✔- hyperparathyroidism: too much PTH
* when your serum calcium gets low, parathormone (PTH) kicks in and oulls Ca from
the BONE and puts it in the BLOOD; therefore the serum, calcium goes UP
- thiazides - retain CALCIUM
- immobilzations- you have to bear weight to keep Ca in the BONES
✔✔what are some S/S of HYPERcalcemia ? - ✔✔- bones are BRITTLE
- KIDNEY STONES * Majority or calcium*
✔✔what is the treatment for hypercalcemia? - ✔✔- MOVE!!!!
- fluids prevent KIDNEY STONES
- ca has an inverse relationship with phosphurus
- steroids
✔✔what are some causes of HYPOmagnesmia ? - ✔✔- diarrhea- lots of Mg in
intestines
- alcoholism
- alcohol suppresses ADH & its hypertonic ( not eating or drinking)
✔✔what is the treatment of hypomagnesmia ? - ✔✔- give some Mg
- check KIDNEY function ( before and during IV mg )
- seizure precautions
- eat magnesium
✔✔what are the causes of hypocalcemia ? - ✔✔- hypoparathyroidism
- radical neck
- thyroidectomy
* all these = not enough PTH)
serim calcium goes DOWN
✔✔what is the treatment for hypocalcemia? - ✔✔- PO calcium
- Vitamin D
- phosphate binders: sevelamer hydrochloride ( renagel) calcium acetate ( PhosLO)
✔✔what kind of S/S does hypermagnesmia and hypercalcemia have in common? - ✔✔-
DTRs DECREASED
- muscle tone WEAK/FLACCID
- arrhytmias INCREASED
- LOC DECREASED
- Pulse DECREASED
- respirations DECREASED
✔✔what are some S/S does hypomagnesia and hypocalcemia have in common? - ✔✔-
muscle tone RIGID, TIGHT
- cloud the client have a seizure? YES
,- stridor/laryngospasm- airway is a SMOOTH muscle
- + chovostek sign ( tap cheek "C" is fo cheek)
- + Trousseaus ( pump up BP Cuff)
- arrhythmias heart is a MUSCLE
- DTRs- INCREASED
- mind changes
- swallowing problems- esphagus is a smooth MUSCLE
✔✔what are some foods that are high in magnesium ? - ✔✔- spinach
- mustard GREENS
- squash
- pumpkin seeds
- flax seeds
✔✔the nurse is caring for a client post colonoscopy. the client reports a small amount of
abdominal discomfort and there is a drop of bright red blood on the sheet. what is the
priority nursing intervention?
1. reassess in 15 min
2. call the primary healthcare provider
3. call for STAT H&H
4. instruct the client to stay in bed - ✔✔2. call the primary healthcare provider
✔✔intervention is required with which client ?
- a client with a HX of generalized ( tonic clonic ) seizures or a client that is 8 hr post
heart cath ? - ✔✔- client that is 8 hr post heart cath
TIP: no happy questions. ALWAYS BE WORRIED about hemorrhaging maybe the doc.
punctured/perforated something. pick an answer that fixes the problem.
✔✔when you think of sodium in the body what should you think of first? - ✔✔- neuro
changes
- the brain does not like when NA + is messed up
- the sodium level in your blood is totally deoendent on how much water you have in the
blood
✔✔hypernatremia also another word for ? - ✔✔- dehydration
✔✔hypernatremia means what? - ✔✔- too much sodium ; not enough WATER
✔✔what are the causes of hypernatremia? - ✔✔- hyperventilation
- heat stroke
- diabetes insipidus ( DI)
✔✔what is the normal lab value for sodium ? - ✔✔135-145 mEq/L
✔✔signs and symptoms of hypernatremia - ✔✔- dry mouth
, - thirsty already dehydrated by the time you're thirsty
- swollen TONGUE
- neuro changes
✔✔what is the treatment for hypernatremia - ✔✔- restrict sodium
- dilute clients with fluids ( diluting makes sodium go DOWN
- daily weights
- I&O
- lab work
✔✔If you have a sodium problem you have a _______ problem? - ✔✔FLUID
✔✔hyponatremia is another word for what? - ✔✔- dilution
✔✔definiton of hyponatremia - ✔✔too much water; not enough SODIUM
✔✔what are the causes of hyponatremia - ✔✔- drinking H2O for fluid replacement (
vomiting, sweating) ( this only replaces water and dilutes the blood)
- psychogenic polydipsia; loves to drink WATER
- D5W ( sugar & water)
- SIADH; retaining WATER
✔✔what are the S/S of hyponatremia - ✔✔- headache
- seizure
- coma
✔✔what is the treatment of hyponatremia ? - ✔✔- client needs SODIUM
- client doesnt need WATER
✔✔case in point: feeding tube clients tend to become ___________ - ✔✔dehydrated
✔✔what is the normal lab values for potassium ? - ✔✔- 3.5- 5.0 mEq/L
✔✔potassium is excreated by the ________ - ✔✔kidneys
- if the kidneys are not working well, the serum potassium will go UP!
✔✔what are the causes of hyperkalemia ? - ✔✔- kidney trouble
- spironolactone ( aldactone) - makes you RETAIN potassium
✔✔what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia? - ✔✔- begins with muscle
twitching
- then proceeds to muscle twitching/weakness
- then flaccid paralysis
