NURS 5366 CORE MAIN QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Statistical Concepts - ✔✔mathematical calculations we do with #'s...like bp's, 02 etc.
BUT..
anxiety, cigarette smoking cession have to be converted to run mathematical
calculations that's why researchers create questionnaires with scales, that they then
apply numbers to so they can measure those things.
ex: pain is measured by mathematical #'s and scale is used on a 0-10 scale, that way
they can be converted to #'s then analyzed statistically.
This lecture will introduce:
Two basic mathematical principles upon which all statics are based.
✔✔Probability Theory - ✔✔PROBABILITY:
Can predict future events
✔✔Example of Probability
p= 0.1=10% 1 of 10 break
p=0.95=95% 95 of 100 break - ✔✔Drinking glass example
✔✔Why isn't it 100% Probability
in drinking glass example. - ✔✔we didn't measure any of other variables to see why
glasses didn't break, that's why it's not 100%
-could have purchased at different places, concrete could have been warmer or
temperature of glass could have mattered.
✔✔Probability Example - ✔✔What will probability of your grade be if you take a test on
something you know nothing about...like astro-physics. ANSWER IS...... (see next slide)
✔✔Probability Answer to Astro-physics test of which you know nothing is...
, RANDOM GUESSING = .33 or 33%- knowing nothing - ✔✔.33 or 33% due to
mathematical theory (random events occur with mathematical predictablily
✔✔Friend takes same exam in Astro-physics - ✔✔and scores .44 or 44% = (VERY
UNLIKELY) must have some knowledge, wasn't guessing on all of the answers.
✔✔Ex: pt's anxiety relating to before surgery patients = anxious and apprehension -
✔✔finding= 73% (.73) of pt's are less anxious after given explanation than before
explanation given
for some reason- other 27% still anxious
Findings= out of every 100 patients, 73 of them will be less anxious after the
intervention of pre-op explanation. ++++++ THAT IS PREDICTABILITY OR AN
EXAMPLE OF PROBABILITIES
✔✔never say PROOF..we never prove anything in one research study - ✔✔-only
educated guess
can say ...based on probabilities or research supports this intervention
✔✔Example : psychotic patients with violent episodes - ✔✔- form group taking med x
& second group receiving normal standard of care
-then measure violent episodes between two (done two weeks later when medication is
effective)
- findings = Med group= 30 out of 50 or .6 had violet episode.
-findings= Non med group/ standard of care group = 44 out of 60 or .73 had a violent
episode.
USE MATHEMATICAL DECISION THEORY TO THIS PROBLEM TO FIND THE
ANSWER
✔✔Mathematical Decision Theory
-Null Hypothesis - ✔✔
✔✔Normal Curve
Decision Theory and probability are based on the Normal Curve - ✔✔Mathematician
measured many, many variables with many, many different people and found that the
majority of people fall within the curve on any given variable....there is some variation
but most people fall within the curve ex: How do we know what a normal human Blood
Pressure is.....mathematician found that on average, middle of curve, 120/80 (average),
some 130/85, some 102/78...so there is some variation BUT ON AVERAGE THEY ALL
ARE AROUND 120/80.
Question: How different does someone need to be to be significantly different from the
general population?
✔✔(psychotic pt example)
ANSWERS SET A+
✔✔Statistical Concepts - ✔✔mathematical calculations we do with #'s...like bp's, 02 etc.
BUT..
anxiety, cigarette smoking cession have to be converted to run mathematical
calculations that's why researchers create questionnaires with scales, that they then
apply numbers to so they can measure those things.
ex: pain is measured by mathematical #'s and scale is used on a 0-10 scale, that way
they can be converted to #'s then analyzed statistically.
This lecture will introduce:
Two basic mathematical principles upon which all statics are based.
✔✔Probability Theory - ✔✔PROBABILITY:
Can predict future events
✔✔Example of Probability
p= 0.1=10% 1 of 10 break
p=0.95=95% 95 of 100 break - ✔✔Drinking glass example
✔✔Why isn't it 100% Probability
in drinking glass example. - ✔✔we didn't measure any of other variables to see why
glasses didn't break, that's why it's not 100%
-could have purchased at different places, concrete could have been warmer or
temperature of glass could have mattered.
✔✔Probability Example - ✔✔What will probability of your grade be if you take a test on
something you know nothing about...like astro-physics. ANSWER IS...... (see next slide)
✔✔Probability Answer to Astro-physics test of which you know nothing is...
, RANDOM GUESSING = .33 or 33%- knowing nothing - ✔✔.33 or 33% due to
mathematical theory (random events occur with mathematical predictablily
✔✔Friend takes same exam in Astro-physics - ✔✔and scores .44 or 44% = (VERY
UNLIKELY) must have some knowledge, wasn't guessing on all of the answers.
✔✔Ex: pt's anxiety relating to before surgery patients = anxious and apprehension -
✔✔finding= 73% (.73) of pt's are less anxious after given explanation than before
explanation given
for some reason- other 27% still anxious
Findings= out of every 100 patients, 73 of them will be less anxious after the
intervention of pre-op explanation. ++++++ THAT IS PREDICTABILITY OR AN
EXAMPLE OF PROBABILITIES
✔✔never say PROOF..we never prove anything in one research study - ✔✔-only
educated guess
can say ...based on probabilities or research supports this intervention
✔✔Example : psychotic patients with violent episodes - ✔✔- form group taking med x
& second group receiving normal standard of care
-then measure violent episodes between two (done two weeks later when medication is
effective)
- findings = Med group= 30 out of 50 or .6 had violet episode.
-findings= Non med group/ standard of care group = 44 out of 60 or .73 had a violent
episode.
USE MATHEMATICAL DECISION THEORY TO THIS PROBLEM TO FIND THE
ANSWER
✔✔Mathematical Decision Theory
-Null Hypothesis - ✔✔
✔✔Normal Curve
Decision Theory and probability are based on the Normal Curve - ✔✔Mathematician
measured many, many variables with many, many different people and found that the
majority of people fall within the curve on any given variable....there is some variation
but most people fall within the curve ex: How do we know what a normal human Blood
Pressure is.....mathematician found that on average, middle of curve, 120/80 (average),
some 130/85, some 102/78...so there is some variation BUT ON AVERAGE THEY ALL
ARE AROUND 120/80.
Question: How different does someone need to be to be significantly different from the
general population?
✔✔(psychotic pt example)
