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FINAL MODULES: RENAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, & HEMATOLOGY Original
Questions with Answers & Rationales
MODULE 1: RENAL DYNAMICS (Questions 1–40)
1. The functional unit of the kidney is the:
A) Glomerulus
B) Nephron
C) Collecting duct
D) Renal pelvis
Answer: B
Rationale: The nephron is the functional unit responsible for
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.
2. Chronic kidney disease is defined as GFR less than ___ for at
least 3 months.
A) 90 mL/min/1.73m²
B) 60 mL/min/1.73m²
C) 30 mL/min/1.73m²
D) 15 mL/min/1.73m²
Answer: B
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Rationale: CKD: GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m² for ≥ 3 months or
evidence of kidney damage.
3. The most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the
U.S. is:
A) Hypertension
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD, accounting for
40–50% of cases.
4. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by:
A) Hematuria, hypertension, oliguria
B) Proteinuria > 3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema,
hyperlipidemia
C) Fever, flank pain, dysuria
D) Polyuria, polydipsia only
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome: heavy proteinuria, low
albumin, edema, high lipids.
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5. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
is:
A) Membranous nephropathy
B) Minimal change disease
C) IgA nephropathy
D) FSGS only
Answer: B
Rationale: Minimal change disease is most common in children
and is highly steroid-responsive.
6. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is:
A) Minimal change disease
B) Membranous nephropathy
C) IgA nephropathy
D) FSGS only
Answer: B
Rationale: Membranous nephropathy is most common in
Caucasian adults.
7. Nephritic syndrome is characterized by:
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A) Heavy proteinuria only
B) Hematuria, hypertension, oliguria, mild proteinuria
C) Edema only
D) Hyperlipidemia only
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome: hematuria, hypertension,
oliguria, mild proteinuria.
8. The most common cause of nephritic syndrome worldwide is:
A) Minimal change disease
B) IgA nephropathy
C) Membranous nephropathy
D) FSGS only
Answer: B
Rationale: IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) is the most
common primary glomerulonephritis.
9. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically occurs:
A) During the strep infection
B) 1–2 weeks after streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection
C) 6 months after infection
D) Without any preceding infection only
FINAL MODULES: RENAL, GASTROINTESTINAL, & HEMATOLOGY Original
Questions with Answers & Rationales
MODULE 1: RENAL DYNAMICS (Questions 1–40)
1. The functional unit of the kidney is the:
A) Glomerulus
B) Nephron
C) Collecting duct
D) Renal pelvis
Answer: B
Rationale: The nephron is the functional unit responsible for
filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and urine formation.
2. Chronic kidney disease is defined as GFR less than ___ for at
least 3 months.
A) 90 mL/min/1.73m²
B) 60 mL/min/1.73m²
C) 30 mL/min/1.73m²
D) 15 mL/min/1.73m²
Answer: B
, Page |2
Rationale: CKD: GFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m² for ≥ 3 months or
evidence of kidney damage.
3. The most common cause of end-stage renal disease in the
U.S. is:
A) Hypertension
B) Diabetes mellitus
C) Glomerulonephritis
D) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: B
Rationale: Diabetes is the leading cause of ESRD, accounting for
40–50% of cases.
4. Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by:
A) Hematuria, hypertension, oliguria
B) Proteinuria > 3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema,
hyperlipidemia
C) Fever, flank pain, dysuria
D) Polyuria, polydipsia only
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome: heavy proteinuria, low
albumin, edema, high lipids.
, Page |3
5. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children
is:
A) Membranous nephropathy
B) Minimal change disease
C) IgA nephropathy
D) FSGS only
Answer: B
Rationale: Minimal change disease is most common in children
and is highly steroid-responsive.
6. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults is:
A) Minimal change disease
B) Membranous nephropathy
C) IgA nephropathy
D) FSGS only
Answer: B
Rationale: Membranous nephropathy is most common in
Caucasian adults.
7. Nephritic syndrome is characterized by:
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A) Heavy proteinuria only
B) Hematuria, hypertension, oliguria, mild proteinuria
C) Edema only
D) Hyperlipidemia only
Answer: B
Rationale: Nephritic syndrome: hematuria, hypertension,
oliguria, mild proteinuria.
8. The most common cause of nephritic syndrome worldwide is:
A) Minimal change disease
B) IgA nephropathy
C) Membranous nephropathy
D) FSGS only
Answer: B
Rationale: IgA nephropathy (Berger's disease) is the most
common primary glomerulonephritis.
9. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis typically occurs:
A) During the strep infection
B) 1–2 weeks after streptococcal pharyngitis or skin infection
C) 6 months after infection
D) Without any preceding infection only
