HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
1 . Knowing the world, how did it begin ? - (ANSWER)-Australopithecus (small-brained bipedal hominid
primates, 4 - 1 mio years ago)
What did the Australopithecines know? How did they communicate? - (ANSWER)-They were able to walk
upright and eat
- Australopithecus afarensis communicated through gestures and vocalizations. They had small brains
compared to humans, so their communications were more like chimpanzees than humans
What are the ingredients to know your self in the world? - (ANSWER)1) Memory: Remember the past,
know the present, imagine the future
2) Know thy self
Western Philosophies and Theories of Research
Part 1: Positivism/ Post-positivism Paradigm - (ANSWER)1) Big Assumption / Positivism
2) Empiricists
3) Post-positivism
4) Ontology
5) Epistemology
6) Axiology
,HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
7) Methodology
1) Big Assumption / Positivism - (ANSWER)-there is a real world outside of us, made of matter, and we
can find out everything about it (Positivism)
- It is run by natural laws that exist in nature, that were there before human beings, and will continue to
exist after human life. Humans just need to find these natural laws. These laws are nothing that humans
make up. - These laws exist independent of human minds.
- These laws can be uncovered, observed, measured, and proven. A natural law is true and only true if it
is true in every place of the earth and the universe.
2) Empiricists - (ANSWER)believe that we access the world starting inductively from our senses (e.g.,
seeing). Then we try to generalize our knowledge and find regularities in it. We test this developing body
of knowledge by trying to find regularities by deducing hypotheses and testing if the are true or false.
3) Post-positivism - (ANSWER)there is a real world out there
- BUT human minds can err. There will always be uncertainty - except for the Big Assumption that a real
world is out there. So we should continue to use scientific methods.
4) Ontology - (ANSWER)• What is the world like?
• For a positivist, the world exists without a doubt. It can be known and measured. The world exists
independent of the human mind. All human minds are able to perceive the world in the same way if
humans are objective. • Postpositivists are certain that there is a real world but not as certain that
humans can perfectly measure it. But humans should not give up.
5) Epistemology - (ANSWER)• The ways/methods how we get to know the world
,HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
• Positivists want to measure the world in all kinds of ways, using the scientific method. They can use
observation, description (weight, height, etc.), quantitative surveys ("on a scale of 1 - 7, how much do
you like . . ."), correlation (e.g., height and weight), or the gold standard, experiments ("does nicotine use
cause more car accidents"). This can lead to the discovery of laws.
• Post-positivists are not so sure about objectivity.
6) Axiology - (ANSWER)-Values
- Positivists believe that research must be completely value free, neutral and objective.
- Post-positivists acknowledge that your values can influence your research.
7) Methodology - (ANSWER)• In post/positivism, the purpose of research is to take some observations,
come up with a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, prove or disprove it, and if you confirm it, build a theory.
• You define dependent and independent variables operationally (how you use, measure, or observe the
variables in your research study.
Positivism/Postpositivism Paradigm (cont.)• Sample Experiment: - (ANSWER)-Does nicotine increase
accidents when driving?
• Say, you have heard that nicotine in cigarette smoking improves your reaction time on simple tasks.
Maybe your hypothesis is that nicotine has the opposite effect when the task is complex
• Say, you also hard that drivers who smoke have more care accidents than those who don't smoke. But
what is the cause?
• Are smokers generally at greater risk, getting cancer, or trying to beat a red light? Or is it that you are
distracted by fiddling with your cigarette lighter?
, HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
• Simulator experiment. Half will have a cigarette; other half not. Which group will have more accidents?
• Independent variable (the one you vary): use or non-use of nicotine. Everything else will be the same
for everybody
• Dependent variable (the change that we want to measure: here, # of accidents
• Experimental condition (use nicotine); control condition (no nicotine)
• Random assignment - or give cigarettes and placebo; single-blind, double-blind
Western Philosophies and Theories of Research:
Part 2: Interpretive Paradigm - (ANSWER)1) Interpretation
2) Phenomenology
3) Hermeneutics
4) Ontology
5) Epistemology
6) Axiology
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
1 . Knowing the world, how did it begin ? - (ANSWER)-Australopithecus (small-brained bipedal hominid
primates, 4 - 1 mio years ago)
What did the Australopithecines know? How did they communicate? - (ANSWER)-They were able to walk
upright and eat
- Australopithecus afarensis communicated through gestures and vocalizations. They had small brains
compared to humans, so their communications were more like chimpanzees than humans
What are the ingredients to know your self in the world? - (ANSWER)1) Memory: Remember the past,
know the present, imagine the future
2) Know thy self
Western Philosophies and Theories of Research
Part 1: Positivism/ Post-positivism Paradigm - (ANSWER)1) Big Assumption / Positivism
2) Empiricists
3) Post-positivism
4) Ontology
5) Epistemology
6) Axiology
,HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
7) Methodology
1) Big Assumption / Positivism - (ANSWER)-there is a real world outside of us, made of matter, and we
can find out everything about it (Positivism)
- It is run by natural laws that exist in nature, that were there before human beings, and will continue to
exist after human life. Humans just need to find these natural laws. These laws are nothing that humans
make up. - These laws exist independent of human minds.
- These laws can be uncovered, observed, measured, and proven. A natural law is true and only true if it
is true in every place of the earth and the universe.
2) Empiricists - (ANSWER)believe that we access the world starting inductively from our senses (e.g.,
seeing). Then we try to generalize our knowledge and find regularities in it. We test this developing body
of knowledge by trying to find regularities by deducing hypotheses and testing if the are true or false.
3) Post-positivism - (ANSWER)there is a real world out there
- BUT human minds can err. There will always be uncertainty - except for the Big Assumption that a real
world is out there. So we should continue to use scientific methods.
4) Ontology - (ANSWER)• What is the world like?
• For a positivist, the world exists without a doubt. It can be known and measured. The world exists
independent of the human mind. All human minds are able to perceive the world in the same way if
humans are objective. • Postpositivists are certain that there is a real world but not as certain that
humans can perfectly measure it. But humans should not give up.
5) Epistemology - (ANSWER)• The ways/methods how we get to know the world
,HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
• Positivists want to measure the world in all kinds of ways, using the scientific method. They can use
observation, description (weight, height, etc.), quantitative surveys ("on a scale of 1 - 7, how much do
you like . . ."), correlation (e.g., height and weight), or the gold standard, experiments ("does nicotine use
cause more car accidents"). This can lead to the discovery of laws.
• Post-positivists are not so sure about objectivity.
6) Axiology - (ANSWER)-Values
- Positivists believe that research must be completely value free, neutral and objective.
- Post-positivists acknowledge that your values can influence your research.
7) Methodology - (ANSWER)• In post/positivism, the purpose of research is to take some observations,
come up with a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, prove or disprove it, and if you confirm it, build a theory.
• You define dependent and independent variables operationally (how you use, measure, or observe the
variables in your research study.
Positivism/Postpositivism Paradigm (cont.)• Sample Experiment: - (ANSWER)-Does nicotine increase
accidents when driving?
• Say, you have heard that nicotine in cigarette smoking improves your reaction time on simple tasks.
Maybe your hypothesis is that nicotine has the opposite effect when the task is complex
• Say, you also hard that drivers who smoke have more care accidents than those who don't smoke. But
what is the cause?
• Are smokers generally at greater risk, getting cancer, or trying to beat a red light? Or is it that you are
distracted by fiddling with your cigarette lighter?
, HLST 210 FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100%
VERIFIED!! ALREADY GRADED A+
• Simulator experiment. Half will have a cigarette; other half not. Which group will have more accidents?
• Independent variable (the one you vary): use or non-use of nicotine. Everything else will be the same
for everybody
• Dependent variable (the change that we want to measure: here, # of accidents
• Experimental condition (use nicotine); control condition (no nicotine)
• Random assignment - or give cigarettes and placebo; single-blind, double-blind
Western Philosophies and Theories of Research:
Part 2: Interpretive Paradigm - (ANSWER)1) Interpretation
2) Phenomenology
3) Hermeneutics
4) Ontology
5) Epistemology
6) Axiology
