NU 300 EXAM 5 | COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING STUDY GUIDE,
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Perfusion - ANS ✔✔supplying oxygen to body organs and tissues
What do you worry about when you don't have enough Volume?, what should you monitor? - ANS ✔✔-
not enough CO
-not enough perfusion
-monitor fluids and electrolytes (potassium and calcium) and oxygenation
What is perfusion oxygenation balance? - ANS ✔✔lungs don't work good but heart is pumping
how does blood flow through the heart - ANS ✔✔blood enters heart through superior vena cava
through the right atrium from venous system bringing old blood back, then passes through tricuspid,
then the right ventricle so tricuspid should close when RV contracts so no backflow, so pushes against
pulmonic to the lungs through pulmonary valves pushing deoxygenated blood to lungs and comes back
to left atrium through mitral valve then to left atrium then push through aortic to body
S1 - ANS ✔✔-lub, closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 - ANS ✔✔dub, closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
MAP - ANS ✔✔systolic + (2 X Diastolic) /3
Cardiac output - ANS ✔✔-heart rate x stroke volume
- how much blood flow is circulated in a minute
Preload - ANS ✔✔volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Afterload - ANS ✔✔The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
blood pressure - ANS ✔✔the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
RAAS - ANS ✔✔-condition that signals decreased tissue perfusion
venous system - ANS ✔✔-returns blood to the right side of the heart
-valves prevent back flow
How do you get HDL up - ANS ✔✔exercise
cholesterol range - ANS ✔✔<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides range - ANS ✔✔40-160 men
35-135 women
HDL range - ANS ✔✔>45 men
, >55 women
LDL range - ANS ✔✔<130
PTT (partial thromboplastin time) and INR - ANS ✔✔Oral anticoagulant
INR- 0.8-1.1
11-12.5 seconds
heparin therapy uses PTT
what do you follow up with in Cardiac catheterization - ANS ✔✔RN worries about pt, can have clear
liquids, CXR, CBC, coagulation studies, 12 leading EKG for good baseline, don't shave we clip, get baseline
VS, make sure not allergic to contrast medium, look at medications even OTC
follow up care with cardiac catheterization - ANS ✔✔-bruising and pain is normal
-assess vital 15 minutes x1
-30 minutes for 2 hours
-then q4hrs
-worried if a hematoma
-ECG and stress test
-hold BB the day of exercise
echocardiography - ANS ✔✔-non invasive (30-60 minutes)
-use of ultrasound waves to assess cardiac structure
TEE (transesophageal echocardiography) - ANS ✔✔•Ultrasound transducer placed immediately behind
the heart in the esophagus or stomach
•Allows for a good look at the posterior cardiac structures
Heart failure - ANS ✔✔-inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump
-most common hospital stays for people over 65
-hypertension most common cause
-MI an cause HF
-
Right HF - ANS ✔✔-something wrong with lungs d/t pumping to lungs, high resistance in lungs causes
harder working
-COPD
-Pulmonary hypertension
-ARDS (long use of NSAIDS causes vasoconstriction)
-caused by left HF
-right ventricle does not empty completely
-Increased volume and pressure develop in the venous system and peripheral edema results
Left-sided HF - ANS ✔✔- where most HF begins
-Decreased tissue PERFUSION from poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion from increased
pressure in the pulmonary vessels indicate left ventricular failure (LVF)
PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS 2026/2027
Perfusion - ANS ✔✔supplying oxygen to body organs and tissues
What do you worry about when you don't have enough Volume?, what should you monitor? - ANS ✔✔-
not enough CO
-not enough perfusion
-monitor fluids and electrolytes (potassium and calcium) and oxygenation
What is perfusion oxygenation balance? - ANS ✔✔lungs don't work good but heart is pumping
how does blood flow through the heart - ANS ✔✔blood enters heart through superior vena cava
through the right atrium from venous system bringing old blood back, then passes through tricuspid,
then the right ventricle so tricuspid should close when RV contracts so no backflow, so pushes against
pulmonic to the lungs through pulmonary valves pushing deoxygenated blood to lungs and comes back
to left atrium through mitral valve then to left atrium then push through aortic to body
S1 - ANS ✔✔-lub, closure of mitral and tricuspid valves
S2 - ANS ✔✔dub, closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
MAP - ANS ✔✔systolic + (2 X Diastolic) /3
Cardiac output - ANS ✔✔-heart rate x stroke volume
- how much blood flow is circulated in a minute
Preload - ANS ✔✔volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Afterload - ANS ✔✔The force or resistance against which the heart pumps.
blood pressure - ANS ✔✔the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels
RAAS - ANS ✔✔-condition that signals decreased tissue perfusion
venous system - ANS ✔✔-returns blood to the right side of the heart
-valves prevent back flow
How do you get HDL up - ANS ✔✔exercise
cholesterol range - ANS ✔✔<200 mg/dL
Triglycerides range - ANS ✔✔40-160 men
35-135 women
HDL range - ANS ✔✔>45 men
, >55 women
LDL range - ANS ✔✔<130
PTT (partial thromboplastin time) and INR - ANS ✔✔Oral anticoagulant
INR- 0.8-1.1
11-12.5 seconds
heparin therapy uses PTT
what do you follow up with in Cardiac catheterization - ANS ✔✔RN worries about pt, can have clear
liquids, CXR, CBC, coagulation studies, 12 leading EKG for good baseline, don't shave we clip, get baseline
VS, make sure not allergic to contrast medium, look at medications even OTC
follow up care with cardiac catheterization - ANS ✔✔-bruising and pain is normal
-assess vital 15 minutes x1
-30 minutes for 2 hours
-then q4hrs
-worried if a hematoma
-ECG and stress test
-hold BB the day of exercise
echocardiography - ANS ✔✔-non invasive (30-60 minutes)
-use of ultrasound waves to assess cardiac structure
TEE (transesophageal echocardiography) - ANS ✔✔•Ultrasound transducer placed immediately behind
the heart in the esophagus or stomach
•Allows for a good look at the posterior cardiac structures
Heart failure - ANS ✔✔-inability of the heart to work effectively as a pump
-most common hospital stays for people over 65
-hypertension most common cause
-MI an cause HF
-
Right HF - ANS ✔✔-something wrong with lungs d/t pumping to lungs, high resistance in lungs causes
harder working
-COPD
-Pulmonary hypertension
-ARDS (long use of NSAIDS causes vasoconstriction)
-caused by left HF
-right ventricle does not empty completely
-Increased volume and pressure develop in the venous system and peripheral edema results
Left-sided HF - ANS ✔✔- where most HF begins
-Decreased tissue PERFUSION from poor cardiac output and pulmonary congestion from increased
pressure in the pulmonary vessels indicate left ventricular failure (LVF)
